important Flashcards
Systematic desensitisation
Form of behaviour therapy used to treat phobias and other behaviour problems involving anxiety.
Relaxation techniques
Developing anxiety hierarchy
Pairing
What is behaviour modification?
The use of conditioning or reinforcement to alter behaviour.
Example – increasing time spent doing homework
Establish desired behaviour goal – spending 2 hours a night on homework
Establish reinforcement – one chocolate for every half hour of study
Start program
After behaviour is established it may be necessary to change to intermittent schedule of reinforcement to continue behaviour and may need to change reinforcement so it doesn’t become predictable
Eventually person should be able to perform behaviour continuously without need for reinforcement
What is learned helplessness?
Results when a person or animal is prevented repeatedly from avoiding some aversive stimulus and becomes passive and depressed.
What are the methods of assessment for learning?
Objective quantitative: Behaviour counts (how many times a learnt behaviour is demonstrated), Physiological responses (how fearful/nervous someone is) etc.
Subjective quantitative:
Rating scales, subjective questionnaires etc.
Qualitative:
Focus groups, Delphi technique, interviews, pictures etc.
Ethics of learning
No psychological/ physical harm
Contingency
Consistency / predictability
Contiguity
Time
Factors that affect observational learning
Gender of model
Observers tend to reproduce same sex model
Social Status of model
The higher the social status, the more their behaviour will be reproduced by observer
Relationship between model and observer
The closer the relationship, the more the observer wants to impress the model and receive positive reinforcement
Consequences after models behaviour
If consequence is positive, behaviour will be reproduced by observer more willingly
Fixed interval
When an organism will be reinforced for a response only after a fixed time interval.
Fixed ratio
When an organism must make a certain number of responses in order to receive reinforcement.
Variable interval
When the reinforcement is given to a response after a specific, unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Variable ratio
When the reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses made by the organism.
cc
A process of behaviour modification by which a subject comes to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that produces a response.
oc
Learning that occurs in the context of experiencing or avoiding, rewards or punishments contingent upon performing a behaviour.
ol
Based on principles of learning through observing others perform desired behaviour
defense mechanisms
The unconscious mind develops a number of specific techniques that is used in order to prevent the conscious mind from becoming aware of the unconscious called defense mechanisms.
Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety.
personality disorder
Personalities that are outside the social norms and are associated with maladaptive behaviours , emotions and thoughts.
isorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V-R)
Personality tests
inkblot
TAT
OCEAN
What is ocean?
openness - Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values.
Conscientiousness - Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, deliberation, self-discipline.
extraversion - Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions.
Agreeableness - Trust, straightforwardness, selflessness, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness.
Neuroticism - Anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability.
assertiveness training
Helps clients to stand up for themselves
Starts of with information gathering exercise
Identifying areas in which client has difficulty asserting themselves
Role plays
“I” statements
Feedback provided
Practise techniques from role play in everyday life
Goal is to self monitor use of assertive techniques on an ongoing basis
Minimal risks
ad/dis of ocean
S - Able to make predictions about behaviour
Able to identify behaviour easier
W - Too fixed
Doesn’t explain why personalities change
Suggests personality is ‘set’ at birth
Too subjective – depends on ‘point of view’
Too limited
How do we assess personality?
Objective Quantitative
Behaviour counts
Subjective Quantitative
Rating scales (16PF)
Qualitative
Interviews
Inkblot test
TAT test
s/ w for methods of assessment of personality
Qualitative tests allow descriptive and detailed responses of thoughts and feelings, which gives a greater understanding of personality.
Quantitative test allow data to be gathered quickly to give an overall picture into personality.
Often can be quite convenient for workplaces/psychologist to get information about someone.
Weaknesses
May get unwanted self knowledge from results of personality tests, causing discomfort and reduce self-esteem.
Very difficult for most personality tests to be considered completely valid due to subjective nature.
