Exam Flashcards
ad and dis of experimental research design
ad -
* random allocation increases external validity
* maximise control over extraneous variables to help determine the impact on the dependant variable
* controlled setting = easy replication
*cause and effect relationship is determined
dis -
* may be unethical to manipulate variables
* controlled setting may not replicate real world = decrease external validity
experimental research design
- presence of a control group
-random allocation
-hypothesis testing
pre and post testing - cause and effect relationship established
- controlled environment such as labs
quantitative observational research design
- Iv not manipulated
research in a natrual setting - can determine associations but not cause and effect
ad ad dis of quantitative observational research design
ad
* allows research of unethical variables
* may allow bigger sample sizes
dis
* hard to replicate due to natural setting
* bias can affect results
qualitative research design
ad
* more convenient
* rich, detailed data
* very useful is not much information is known as discussion can be had and further research can build upon that
dis
* personal bias
* presence of facilitator can affect responses
types of data
objective quantitative data, subjective quantitative data, qualitative data
content analysis
collate and analyse qualitative data
- familiarity of data
- look for words, phrases relating to theme
- examine themes to find patterns
- identify common themes and label
- count number of times it occurs
- frequency table
reliability
replicability
source
source:
- experts = more trustworthy
- government should be trustworthy
- attractiveness
- fast talking = good
- loud speaking = confidence
channel
young more influenced by media
elderly = newspaper
direct experience stronger attitude
message
envolke strong message
music can exaggerate
observational learning
ARRM
attention - In order for learning to occur, observer must pay attention to the models behaviour.
retention - Observer codes observed behaviour information into long term memory.
reproduction - Observer must be able to reproduce model’s behaviour.
motivation - Observer expects positive reinforcement for modelled behaviour.
Example: model (parent) praises child (observer ) for washing dishes.
Reinforcement can be external (object reward) or internal (sense of accomplishment).
fixed interval
When an organism will be reinforced for a response only after a fixed time interval.
fixed ratio
When an organism must make a certain number of responses in order to receive reinforcement.
variable interval
When the reinforcement is given to a response after a specific, unpredictable amount of time has passed.
variable ratio
When the reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses made by the organism.
contiguity
Reinforcement needs to be given/received as soon as possible after desired behaviour has been performed for behaviour to continue.
contingency
Reinforcer needs to be consistent for behaviour to continue.
prepardness
Some behaviours are ‘shaped’ more easily than others.
Reinforcement is shaped more easily than punishment because of the reinforcer being an incentive.
Food is a good example for animals and humans > ensures survival/pleasant taste, therefore more likely to continue reinforced behaviour.
factors affecting observational learning
gender of model
status of model
relationship with model
consequence after models behaviour
phobia
severe irration fear of a stimulus causing maladaptive behaviour
caused by direct, indirect or observational learning
exposure therapy
creates a safe environment in which we expose individuals to the stimulus we avoid
MOA of learning
Objective quantitative: Behaviour counts (how many times a learnt behaviour is demonstrated), Physiological responses (how fearful/nervous someone is) etc.
Subjective quantitative:
Rating scales, subjective questionnaires etc.
Qualitative:
Focus groups, Delphi technique, interviews, pictures etc.
spontaneous recovery
Reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.
after UCS is reintroduced
ad and dis of psycho dynamic
ad - Portrayed extensively in modern culture
First collective theory about personality
First organised theory of personality – was the foundation for future theories and theorists.
dis - Largely untestable
Narrow focus (sex and not much else)
Based on clinical experience but not scientific evidence
Outdated by todays standards of personality theories
defence mechanisms
The unconscious mind develops a number of specific techniques that is used in order to prevent the conscious mind from becoming aware of the unconscious called defense mechanisms.
Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiey
e.g repression
ad and dis of maslow
ad - Makes clients feel positive
Very client supportive therapy focused on feelings
Focuses on healthy behaviour rather than issues or problems
dis - Hierarchy of needs seen as too restrictive
No explanation for excellence despite missing lower levels
Focuses on healthy behaviour (too positive) may not solve real underlying issue of negative behaviour
ad and dis of eyesenck
ad - Able to make predictions about behaviour
Able to identify behaviour easier
dis - Too fixed
Doesn’t explain why personalities change
Suggests personality is ‘set’ at birth
Too subjective – depends on ‘point of view’
Too limited
OCEAN test
openness - feelings, values conscientiousness - competence, achievement striving, extroversion - excitement, activity agreeableness - trust, selflessness neuroticism - anxiety, hostility
word association
personality test
given one word and asked to tell another that associates
personality disorder
Personalities that are outside the social norms and are associated with maladaptive behaviours , emotions and thoughts.
symptoms of jet lag
daytime sleepiness
increased fatigue
loss of concentration
irritable
jet lag
changing of time zones as SCN is used to different times to produce and not produce melatonin
1 hour difference = one day to recover
easier to delay sleep than bring sleep forward
how to prevent jet lag
work on the timezone of destination before travelling
increase heat on the plane to increase sleepiness
alter circadian rhythm by eating at the times of the destination
delay sleep if arriving in the daytime
symptoms of sleep deprivation
occurs when individual does not receive optimal amount of sleep during their sleep cycle
symptoms
- increased sleepiness
- increased fatigue
- increased fatigue
- loss of concentration
- slower reaction time = body isnt alert and hence cannot respond
sleep debt
is the difference between an individuals optimal sleep and the amount of sleep they recieved
- effect desire to fall asleep
- desire to sleep increases
insomnia
is a sleep disorder which results in a reduction in quality and amount of sleep an individual recieves, making suffers unable to function at an optimal level
symptoms of insomnia
- increased sleepiness
- difficulty falling or staying asleep or both
what can cause insomnia
lifestyle;
- lots of coffee is over stimulating
environment;
- bright or loud sleeping environment
psycholohical factors:
sleep anxiety heightens arousal and therefore cannot calm down enough to be sleepy
treatments of insomnia
based on the association that where a person sleeps is related with the process of sleeping.
- lie down when sleepy
- don’t use stimulus in bed
- can’t get up? get out of bed
- get out of bed same time everyday no matter how much sleep
- dont nap –> hoping to increase sleep debt
sleep is measured by
ECG - brain waves
EOG - eye movement
EMG - muscle activity
objective quantitative measures
sleep apneoa
when an individual periodically stops breathing during sleep, causing then to abruptly wake up and end their sleep cycle.
stratagies for sleep apneoa
(lifestyle) dont smoke, lose weight or consume depressants
(treatments) oral mouth guard, continous positive airway pressure, jaw surgery
narceolepsy
sleep disorder where individuals instantly enter sleep cycle at unpredictable times, loss of muscle control ad is trigger by things like laughing
parasomnias
nigh terrors, commonly occur in children during the SWS
nightmares occur in rem
symptoms of fatigue
yawning
sore eyes
headache day dreaming
blurred vision
how to prevent fatigue
encourage sleep, plan overnight accomodation, 15 minute breaks every two hours when driving
sleep hygiene
how to have optimal and quality sleep
- wake up and go to seep at the same time
- quiet and comfortable sleeping space
- dont drink coffee
- cant sleep? dont nap throughout the day
- resolve problems throughout the day by making a worry list
- have a solid routine –> in bed by 9pm
stress management
- eat well
- less coffee
- exercise
- endorphins through humour
shift work
- suffer from poor sleep quality
- negative affect on health
- external cues conflict with the internal cues of the SCN in melatonin production and body temperature
- circadian rhythmn de-syncronised
reduces sleep =
reduced task performance
ways to prevent negative impact of shift work
- regular timed shifts use bright light to wake up wearing dark glasses to block sunlight - drink coffee, but not too much - sleep during the day in a quiet environment
