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Cold War > Importance / Consequences > Flashcards

Importance / Consequences Flashcards

1
Q

explain importance of the formations of NATO, for the development of the cold war

A
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2
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union

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3
Q

Explain 2 consequences of the Hungarian Uprising

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4
Q

Write a narrative account analysing key events of the Cuban missile Crisis

A
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5
Q

Explain 2 Consequences of the Cuban Revolution

A
  • more soviet involvement = military + economic aid
  • bay of pigs invasion
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6
Q

Importance of Potsdam conference for early Cold War tensions

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7
Q

Importance of the summit meeting (1959-61) for the relations between east + west

A
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8
Q

importance of the refugee problem in Berlin for increasing tensions between
East and West in the years 1958-61

A
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9
Q

importance of the ‘Second Cold War” for relations between the Superpowers.

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10
Q

Explain two consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall

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  • East German protestors now saw the opportunity to end control by the Soviet Union and to call for the reunification of Germany + formally reunited on 3rd October 1990~ joined NATO in 1991 - ending soviet control + collapse of Warsaw Pact
  • Berliners began deflected to the west on evening of 9 November - after announcement .
    people began to dismantle the Berlin Wall + within a few days, over one million people per day had seized the chance to see relatives and experience life in the West.
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11
Q

Write a narrative account analysing the key events of détente during the 1970s

A
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12
Q

explain the importance of the soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979

A
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13
Q

Importance of the grand alliance for relations between Stalin, Churchill + R = 1941-45

A

no

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14
Q

Importance of the conferences between 1943-45

A
  • divided Europe + Germany into two spheres - Yalta
  • increased tensions - disagreements over Poland + reparations
  • intensified tensions - Potsdam = 20 mil Russians died during war = Stalin wanted higher compensation = treaty of Versailles 1919 = equivalent to 33 billion US dollars = started ww2
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15
Q

Importance of Tehran conference

A
  • success for Stalin = opened a second front + balkan idea rejected
  • idk
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16
Q

Importance of Yalta conference

A
  • increased tensions = Germany + Europe split into two spheres // 4 zones
  • increased tensions = disagreements over German reparations + Poland
  • allowed liberated countries to have free democratic elections - all rigged by Stalin
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17
Q

Importance of Potsdam conference

A
  • changes in leaders = mistrust // Roosevelt died 12th April 1945 = replaced by Truman + Atlee labour = both mistrusted Stalin = thought he was going to turn eastern countries into satellite states = Lithuania + Latvia
  • began the arms race = America first tests A bomb on 16th July 45 = announced at conference - Stalin angry = in response Stalin transformed soviet atomic research programme = increased scientists pay by 300% = H - bomb 53
  • disagreements over reparations = 20 mil Russians died during war = Stalin wanted higher compensation = treaty of Versailles 1919 = equivalent to 33 billion US dollars = started ww2 // Stalin wanted Germany to be made much weaker, Truman wanted a strong Germany to protect against the USSR
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18
Q

Importance of soviet expansion in eastern Europe for the development of the cold war

A
  • Eastern Europe = becomes communist = coalition government = buffer zone
  • triggers US policy of containment
  • increased tensions = Churchills iron curtain speech -1946 IN FULTON, USA
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19
Q

Importance of establishing satellite states

A
  • Eastern Europe = becomes communist = coalition government = BUFFER ZONE
  • triggers US policy of containment
  • increased tensions = Churchills iron curtain speech -1946 IN FULTON, USA
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20
Q

Importance of events in these satellite states – 1945 – 48

A
  • Eastern Europe = becomes communist = coalition government = BUFFER ZONE
  • triggers US policy of containment
  • increased tensions = Churchills iron curtain speech -1946 IN FULTON, USA
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21
Q

Importance of US containment

A
  • triggered Cominform + Comecon
  • increased tensions. = two armes camps / two ways of life - Stalin not wanting to show USA how economically weak he is
  • truman doctrine triggered marshall plan = by 1953 US HAD PROVIDEd 17 BILLION tp European + machinery = although seems moral to help them with effects of WW2 = they just wanted a new market for their goods + to prevent soviet expansion
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22
Q

Importance of the Truman doctrine

A
  • triggered cominform = to link communist parties in Eastern Europe
  • greek government able to defeat the communist
  • lead to the Marshall plan
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23
Q

Importance of the Marshall plan

A
  • help European countries recover
  • east + west became more firmly divided = stain accusations
  • 16 of the countries set up the oRGANISATION fo European Economic recovery OEEC
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24
Q

Importance of the setting up comecon and Cominform

A
  • control economies + encourage specialisation within the trade bloc = Czechoslovakia + East Germany encouraged to focus on heavy metal // Romania = food + raw materials
  • introduce soviet style economic policies = eg. collectivisation of agriculture
  • used to purge any members who disagreed with Moscow eg. Tito = Yugoslavia expelled
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25
Q

Importance of the berlin crisis – 48-49

A
  • confirmed divisions between east + west = Bizina + federal republic of Germany vs German democratic republic = Deutschmark vs Ostmark = spheres of influence
  • lead to creation of NATO = 1949 // prevent soviet expansion = defensive alliance = Stalin viewed as a ‘aggressive alliance’ = attack on eastern bloc
  • intensified rivalry = Truman saw as a great victory vs Stalin was embraced = describe the crisis every 90 seconds = has to call off on 12th may = only 3% deflected = April peak = 24 hours 130,000 tonnes = persistence
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26
Q

Importance of the berlin blockade

A
  • confirmed divisions between east + west = Bizina + federal republic of Germany vs German democratic republic = Deutschmark vs Ostmark = spheres of influence
  • lead to creation of NATO = 1949 // prevent soviet expansion = defensive alliance = Stalin viewed as a ‘aggressive alliance’ = attack on eastern bloc
  • intensified rivalry = Truman saw as a great victory vs Stalin was embraced = describe the crisis every 90 seconds = has to call off on 12th may = only 3% deflected = April peak = 24 hours 130,000 tonnes = persistence
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27
Q

Importance of the berlin airlift

A
  • confirmed divisions between east + west = Bizina + federal republic of Germany vs German democratic republic = Deutschmark vs Ostmark = spheres of influence
  • lead to creation of NATO = 1949 // prevent soviet expansion = defensive alliance = Stalin viewed as a ‘aggressive alliance’ = attack on eastern bloc
  • intensified rivalry = Truman saw as a great victory vs Stalin was embraced = describe the crisis every 90 seconds = has to call off on 12th may = only 3% deflected = April peak = 24 hours 130,000 tonnes = persistence
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28
Q

Importance of the setting up of NATO in the development of the cold

A
  • increased tension as Stalin saw as an ‘aggressive alliance’ = established in WASHINGTON 4TH APRIL 49 = military alliance of capitalist countries = aimed to prevent soviet expansion = perceived as a threat to the eastern bloc = let west German remilitarise
  • led to formation of the Warsaw Pact = designed to counter threat = 55 = 8 nations headed by soviet union = east Germany + Poland + Romania
  • intensified arms race = two definite sides ‘balance of terror’ Churchill = development of H bombs = 53 = 54 biggest every 15 mill TNT = 1961 = ICBMS 63 vs 50 SLBMS = 96 vs 0 = nuclear submarines = 21 vs 8 = sputnik = 57 1.5 hours = use responded by increasing spending on missiles 20% + set up NASA = Eisenhower
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29
Q

Importance of the setting up of the Warsaw pact

A
  • increased tensions = Warsaw vs NATO = describe the two
  • intensified arms /space race = two definite sides ‘balance of terror’ Churchill = development of H bombs = 53 = 54 biggest every 15 mill TNT = 1961 = ICBMS 63 vs 50 SLBMS = 96 vs 0 = nuclear submarines = 21 vs 8 = sputnik = 57 1.5 hours = use responded by increasing spending on missiles 20% + set up NASA = Eisenhower
  • important role it played in Czechoslovakian crisis = was one of most important countries in Warsaw Pact = centrally placed + had strongest industry = worried might leave Warsaw + join NATO = allowing west to move its frontier 700km east = suspicious of the Prague springs = launched an invasion
30
Q

Importance of the arms race for the development of the cold war

A
  • made negations at the Potsdam conference more difficult = secret A bomb development = Stalin angry + retaliated = increased pay by 300%
  • increased rivalry = ‘balance of terror’ Churchill = each side felt threatened by the other = impact of sputnik = sputnik = 57 1.5 hours = use responded by increasing spending on missiles 20% + set up NASA = Eisenhower
  • created new + more powerful weapons = ‘balance of terror’ Churchill = development of H bombs = 53 = 54 biggest every 15 mill TNT = 1961 = ICBMS 63 vs 50 SLBMS = 96 vs 0 = nuclear submarines = 21 vs 8
31
Q

Importance of USA’s development of the atomic bomb

A
  • made negations at the Potsdam conference more difficult = secret A bomb development = Stalin angry + retaliated = increased pay by 300%
  • increased rivalry = ‘balance of terror’ Churchill = each side felt threatened by the other = impact of sputnik = sputnik = 57 1.5 hours = use responded by increasing spending on missiles 20% + set up NASA = Eisenhower
  • created new + more powerful weapons = ‘balance of terror’ Churchill = development of H bombs = 53 = 54 biggest every 15 mill TNT = 1961 = ICBMS 63 vs 50 SLBMS = 96 vs 0 = nuclear submarines = 21 vs 8
32
Q

Importance of the Hungarian uprising

A
  • lead to a large disruption in Hungarian lives = 7000 were killed + 20,000 rebels killed + 200,000 fled country to Austria = survivors rounded up + sent to concentration camps
  • lead to increased International interest = time magazine named ‘Hungarian freedom fighter’ its ‘man of the year’ in 56 // Ed Sullivan = popular US tv presenter = asked views to send aid to Hungarian refugees - caused 6 mill // UN convened a social enquiry = didn’t participate
  • intensified Cold War tensions = hopes of desalination crushed = Hungary was placed under strict communist control. In Eastern Europe, there was the realisation that the USSR would not tolerate anyone attempting to break free from the Warsaw Pact**. They also accepted that even if they remained loyal to communism it had to be on the USSR’s terms. Events in Hungary were a clear warning to the other countries within the Soviet **sphere of influence not to attempt any move towards independence.
33
Q

Importance of the summit conferences for the problem of berlin 59

A
  • camp David summit = withdrawal of the ultimatum
  • Paris summit = increased tension
  • Vienna summit = increased rivalry = 3.5 billion increase by US in defence // soviet increased by 20%
34
Q

Importance of the paris summit – 1960

A
  • increased tensions
  • unresolved issues - Nuclear weapons and the need for a Test Ban Treaty: both sides knew the potential destructive power of nuclear weapons and were keen to avoid turning bits of the planet into radioactive** no-go areas.Berlin: the Soviets were exasperated that East Germans were continuing to escape to the West. Cuba: the Americans were concerned that the recent revolution in Cuba had created a **communist government on their doorstep.
  • America was embarrassed as it was shown to have lied about the U2 plane’s mission, and to be using methods of espionagewhich were morally suspect. They no longer held the ‘moral high ground’ in the Cold War. This would lead the young John F Kennedy to campaign as a tough anti-communist warrior in the 1960 presidential election campaign.
35
Q

Importance of the refugee problem in berlin

A
  • lead to construction of Berlin Wall
  • brain drain
  • Berlin ultimatum
36
Q

Importance of the Vienna summit – 1961

A
  • increased rivalry =refused to withdraw occupation rights 3.5 billion increase by US in defence // soviet increased by 20%
  • highlighted the differences = kruschev renewed Berlin ultimatum
37
Q

Importance of Khrushchev’s berlin ultimatum

A
  • camp David summit = withdrawal of the ultimatum
  • Paris summit = increased tension
  • Vienna summit = increased rivalry = 3.5 billion increase by US in defence // soviet increased by 20%
38
Q

Importance of the construction of the berlin wall

A
  • increased tensions = lead to a standoff // October 61 // checkpoint Charlie // tanks on either side
  • effected civilian German lives // tunnelling or swimming // shot but some. soldiers deliberately poor aim // families split up // travel restrictions // broken 49 agreement
  • ended Berlin crisis + refugee problem
39
Q

Importance of the end of the berlin crisis

A
  • ended refugee problem
    *
40
Q

Importance of the Cuban revolution

A
  • lead to bay of pigs invasion
  • increased tensions = soviet involvement with Cuba = Castro invited the USSR to buy sugar instead, and they agreed. In the early years of Castro’s rule, as the USA alienated itself from trade with Cuba, his government built up increased trade links with the USSR. In 1960, the USA refused to trade for sugar. Consequently, Castro nationalized all US businesses.
  • Kennedy failed to halt Communism - fear of domino effect - MILITARY BUILD UP
41
Q

Importance of the bay of pigs invasion to the development of the Cold War

A
  • strengthened Castros position
  • because closer to soviet union = converted to communism //soviet military advisors // claimed to be defending // bough sugar // placed military bases // ICBMs //
  • The USA was totally discredited because it had supported illegal acts. President Kennedy was embarrassed and his position was weakened. + determined operation mangoose + his saw Cuban exiles and CIA operatives covertly attack Cuban industry and farmland. They also targeted infrastructure and carried out political assassinations involving members of Castro’s government.
42
Q

Importance of the military build up in cuba

A

//

43
Q

Importance of the Cuban missile crisis for relations between the USA and soviet union

A
  • almost lead to nuclear war = Kennedy on 22nd October 1962 // in order to prevent a soviet convoy delivering nuclear weapons // blockaded Cuba // kruschev furious as has to back down
  • hotline // ensure two leaders did not have to communicate by letters = describe letters = speed up communications = used in emergency’s = between White House in Washington DC and Kremlin in Moscow
  • nuclear treaties = limited test ban treaty 63 // outer space treaty 68 // nuclear non proliferation - 68 // strategic arms limitation talks
44
Q

Importance of increased tensions over Czechoslovakia

A

//

45
Q

Importance of Novotny’s fall from power

A

//

46
Q

Importance of the Prague spring reforms

A
  • encouraged political opponents to communism = 68 - SDs began to form a separate party /// Vaculik = leading journalist published two thousand words = called for extreme revolution
  • lead to soviet invasion = came under pressure from east German leader = Ulbricht + Poland leader = Gomulka
  • increased tensions = scared to leave Warsaw Pact + nato will move in
47
Q

Importance of the Brezhnev doctrine

A
  • secured communism = would suppress any attempt to relax communist control = as seen in Prague springs = describe
  • all members had to remain part of the Warsaw Pact
  • seemed to bring an end to peaceful co-existence - Relations deteriorated further as both the USA and the USSR continued to stockpile their conventional weapons.
48
Q

Importance of soviet invasion into Czechoslovakia

A
  • czecholsocakia = cost
  • temporarily worsened relationships = Britain + USA protested about soviet actions = ultimately did nothing = USA was in middle of election 68 + pre-occupied with Vietnam war // unspoken deal =
  • increased rivalry between china + soviet union // Chinese feared soviet would do same to them // many communists left Warsaw Pact // Albania - 1968 // ;leader of Romania refused ro send troops // formed alliances wit china
49
Q

Importance of détente

A
50
Q

Importance of Salt 1 to the development of the cold war

A
  • was seen as the first step in a long journey to reach positive outcome = describe what salt is // may 1972 // nuclear arms control. = key recognition of the need to protect nuclear balance // idea of linkage // limit arms race
  • created a safer world = ABM only allowed at 2 sites - each containing 100 // ABM systems detect track intercept destroy ICBMs // INTERIM AGREEMENT ON OFFENSIVE ARMS - 5 year freeze on the total number of ICBM + SLBM
  • people still unsatisfied = limitations = did not limit number of strategic bombers + no restriction on MIRVs + satellites = espionage = tensions still there + potential still there
51
Q

Importance of the Vietnam war

A
  • USA suffered military loss = couldn’t defeat north Vietnamese // 1970 = 4000 killed + 24,000 injured + 100 missing
  • beginning of detente = increased trade + offer arms reduction, Brezhnev would persuade north Vietnam allies to negational = idea of ‘linkage’ // thawing of tensions
52
Q

Importance of nixons visit to Moscow - 1972

A
  • ended Vietnam war // Brezhnev played part of the intermediary between Washington and HANOI // 1973 - ended //brezhnev wanted improve trade + technology + increase grain sales
  • eased tensions = Nixon agreed to take part in European security council meetings // from which emerged the Helsinki agreements // commitment
53
Q

Importance of the yom kippur war – 1973

A

idk

54
Q

Importance of nixons visit to Moscow – 1974

A
  • showed commitment to detente = even though relations not warm following Yom Kippur war
  • agreed ultimatum aim was complete disarmament = stop arms race
  • eased tensions = develop broad mutually beneficial co-operation in commercial, economic , scientific + technical + cultural fields
55
Q

Importance of the space link up

A
  • 17th July 75 =
  • symbolic handshake
56
Q

Importance of the Helsinki agreements for relations between USA and soviet union

A
  • they initially improved relations between the superpowers – they helped to keep the idea of détente developing because both the USA and USSR signed agreements about security, cooperation and human rights (the three baskets).
  • there was an acceptance of post-war European frontiers and the USSR accepted the existence of West Germany. An easing of tension allowed SALT II talks to begin in 1974, and many things were agreed (e.g. a ban on the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers).
  • they actually caused relations to worsen under Carter 1977; the new US President put pressure on the USSR in terms of human rights (he lent his support to Sakharov) which Brezhnev saw as gross interference. in response Helsinki groups set up = monitor agreements

two conseuwneces

  • they initially improved relations between the superpowers – they helped to keep the idea of détente developing because both the USA and USSR signed agreements about security, cooperation and human rights (the three baskets).
  • they actually caused relations to worsen under Carter 1977; the new US President put pressure on the USSR in terms of human rights (he lent his support to Sakharov) which Brezhnev saw as gross interference. in response Helsinki groups set up = monitor agreements
57
Q

Importance of Salt 11

A
  • limited weapons = safer = 132 MIRV limit
  • worsened relationships = ratification did not happen // US congress did not believe the limits put forward could be verified - renewed concern over 2000 soviet troops in Cuba
58
Q

Importance of Gorbachev coming into power

A
  • G’s NT was based on recognition of the weakness of the Soviet economy and loss of faith in com so this might encourage the rest of Eurpe to consider leaving the W Pact
  • The type of reforms being introduced in the Soviet Union were what reformers in W Pact countreos wanted esp the abandonment of the B Doctrine and the freeing of dissidents so they encouraged opposition to Moscow
  • Gs new thinking encouraged pols that actuallys weakedn the SU making control of eastern euro countries more difficuly. Ultimately led to break up of soviet union – long term?
  • Gorbachebe withdrw troppes form Eastern Europe because the SU was short of moent so this weakened central control
  • perestroika + glasnot = were what reformers in W Pact countreos wanted esp the abandonment of the B Doctrine and the freeing of dissidents so they encouraged opposition to Moscow
  • ending the arms race// arms reduction treaties = recognised weaknesses in soviet economy
59
Q

Importance of the summit conferences – 85-86

A
  • ease tensions = both agreed to meet up again
  • speed up arms talks / abolition
60
Q

Importance of the INF treatment for relations between the USA and the soviet union

A
  • eliminated nuclear + conventional ground-launched BMS
  • eased tension ‘ realisation of an impossible vision’ + Gorbachev ‘universal significance’
61
Q

Importance of soviet invasion of Afghanistan – 1979 for relations between USA + SU

A
  • ended detente
  • Carter doctrine
  • boycotted Moscow olympics
62
Q

Importance of the carter doctrine

A
  • ended detente
  • promised US militant aid = rapid deployment force + draft 18-20 year olds
  • gave support to mujahideen
63
Q

Importance of the Moscow Olympics

A

//

64
Q

Importance of the end of détente

A

–

65
Q

Importance of the second cold war

A
  • ///
66
Q

Importance of Reagan coming into power

A
  • increased us defence programme
  • tensions increased NUTS vs MAD
67
Q

Importance of Reagans defence policy

A
  • increased us defence programme
  • tensions increased NUTS vs MAD
68
Q

Importance of SDI

A
  • SDI = Andropov realised it would weaken soviet economy /// already experiencing problems
  • increased tensions = ‘inventing new ways to unleash nuclear war in the best way ’ =
69
Q

Importance of gorbachevs ‘new thinking’

A
  • Sinatra doctrine = reform started = hole in iron curtiain = first in Poland // non communist government
    *
70
Q

Importance of the fall of the berlin wall

A
71
Q

Importance of the end of the warsaw pact

A
72
Q

Importance of the collapse of the soviet union

A

Cold War (6 decks)

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