1 - Origins Of The Cold War 1941 - 58 Flashcards
What is the domino effect
A belief that if one country goes communist, neighbouring countries will follow
What was dollar imperialism
A fear that the USA would bribe countries into supporting them
Who was the grand alliance
The Soviet Union allied with Britain and USA in WW2
Why were there strains in the Grand alliance
Different attitudes of leaders - Stalin + Roosevelt + Churchill
- Stalin - annoyed of delayed opening of second front
- Churchill opposed Bolshevik Revolution
- disagreements over polish control
Why was Stalin initially annoyed in the grand alliance
Annoyed that Britain and the USA delayed opening a second front
He was convinced they were waiting until the Soviet Union had been seriously damaged
Why wasn’t Churchill initially happy in the Grand Alliance
Opposed Bolshevik Revolution - supported the whites in the civil war
Why did Churchill become even more suspicious if Stalin
- both wanted polish control
- in April 1943 - german troops discovered a mass grave, containing the bodies of 10,000 polish officers murdered by the Soviet’s
When did the polish Organise an uprising and who against
In august 1944 in Warsaw against the german forces occupying the city
What was the result of the polish uprising 1944
- they failed - brutally crushed
When was the Tehran conference
November 1943
Why was the Tehran conference organised
To improve relations between the three leaders
Who was the Tehran conference a main success for
Stalin - because Roosevelt was not well during conference and tended to side with Stalin rather than Churchill
An example of a idea proposed by Churchill which was rejected in the Tehran conference
Churchills idea of an allied invasion through the Balkans thereby preventing the Red Army from taking over all of Eastern Europe
What were the main agreements if the Tehran conference
- Britain + USA agreed to open a second front by invading France in may 1944
- Soviet Union was to wage war against Japan once Germany was defeated
- the United Nations organisation was to be set up after the war
- an area of Eastern Europe was added to the Soviet Union
When did. Britain and USA agree to open in a second front by in the Tehran conference
May 1944
What organisation was agreed in the Tehran conference to be set up after the war
United Nations
Where is Tehran
In Iran
When was the Yalta conference
February 1945
Why was the Yalta conference held
To consider what to do with Germany after they achieved victory
What did Stalin want in the Yalta conference
For Germans to pay large reparations - but Roosevelt + Churchill agreed that if they punished Germany too harshly, they make want another war
What was agreed at the Yalta conference
- USSR help liberate the east + Britain/America/France liberate the west = Europe would be divided into two spheres
- to divide Germany into four zones - us British French + soviet ( two overall halves - ‘western zone’ + ‘eastern zone’ )
- to divide Berlin in the same way
- to allow liberated countries to have free democratic elections - even in Poland
What was Easter Europe, as decided at the Yalta conference
A soviet sphere of influence
Disagreements at Yalta
- clash of how much Germany should pay in reparations
- disagreed about Poland - Stalin wanted the polish/western border much more to the west + wanted a ‘friendly’ polish government to protect from Germans BUT the western powers feared it would be a SOVIET-CONTROLLED government so persuaded him to agree to free democratic elections
When did Roosevelt die
12th April 1945 - replaced by Truman
Who replaced Churchill in the British elections
Attlee - leader of Labour Party
Between yalta and Potsdam conference what changes had been made (feb - July 1945)
- changes of leaders - Truman + atlee
- Soviet Union liberated countries in Eastern Europe but didn’t remove their military presence
- Stalin had set up a communist government in Poland
- Americans successfully testes an atomic bomb
By July 1945, which countries did the Soviet Union occupy
- Latvia + Lithuania + Estonia + Finland + Czechoslovakia + Hungary + Bulgaria + Romania
How did Stalin justify seeing up a communist government in Poland
Was a Defensive measure against possible attacks
How was Truman different from Roosevelt
- distrusted Stalin
- convinced that the soviet intended to take over the whole of Eastern Europe
When did the Americans first successfully test an atomic bomb
16th July 1945
Where did the Americans first successfully test their atomic bomb
In a desert site
Why was Stalin angry at Truman
Because Truman told Stalin in the Potsdam agreement that he had tested an atomic bomb
When was the Potsdam conference
July 1945
Agreements made at Potsdam
- Germany to be demilitarised
- democracy re established in Germany
- Germany should pay reparations in equipment and materials - mainly to the USSR
- Nazi party banned
Fears in the Potsdam conference
Fears that Russia wanted to take over Eastern Europe and make countries like Poland communist ‘SATELLITE STATES’ - to create a buffer zone between capitalism + communism
Disagreements at Potsdam
- the amount of reparations Germany would pay - Stalin wanted to cripple Germany but Truman didn’t want a public hatred toward the peace treaty as with the ‘Treaty of Versailles’ in 1919
- differed in views if free elections
Why did the Soviet Union expand in 1945
For security - ussr had been invaded by Germany in 1914 + 1941 - Stalin created satellite states in Eastern Europe to act as a buffer zone against future invasions
What was the percentages deal
Stalin + Churchill reached an understanding of the proportion of influence they had on liberated countries
Seen as Churchill accepting soviet influence
Example of percentage deal
Stalin - 90% Romania
Churchill - 90% Greece
Strategic importance of Poland
Soviet unions security dependent on a friendly polish government - borders ussr
Soviet satellite states
Albania + Bulgaria + Czechoslovakia + east Germany + Hungary + Poland + Romania
How does Soviet Union expand
Elections in each east European country were rigged to ensure that soviet - controlled communist parties took over - controlled by red army
By which year did all of Eastern Europe have communist governments
1949
Pattern in all satellite states
- coalition governments set up - communist shared power with other parties
- backed by Stalin, communists took over media + civil service + defence
- opposition leaders were arrested or forced to flee
- elections were held - BUT FIXED to ensure support for communists
- peoples democracies were set up
What was set up in all satellite states
Peoples democracies
East Germany - satellite state
1945 - placed under red army control
1949 - German Democratic Republic created
Poland - satellite state
June 1945 - coalition government formed with socialists
Jan 1947 - communists rig elections- supposedly win 80 percent of votes - all other parties banned + leaders forced into exile
Becomes a one party state
Czechoslovakia - satellite state
1945 - left wing coalition formed
1946 - communists receive less than half the votes but become largest single party in coalition + controlled police + armed forces
1948 - communists take control of government before elections then supposedly win 79 %
Ban all other parties - one party state - murdered leading non-communist Jan Masaryk
Who was murdered after the Czechoslovakian elections
Leading non communist - jan Masaryk
Hungary - satellite state
1945 - only win 17 % - smallholders party was the largest party
Country begin to face economic crises + communist party able to seize ministry of the interior to control the police to arrest leader of smallholders Party
1947 - communists win elections - ban all other parties
Romania - satellite state
1945 - coalition formed
1947 - communist abolish monarchy
Bulgaria - satellite states
1944 - coalition
1945 - communists won + banned all other parties
Yugoslavia - satellite states
1945 - Tito had led opposition to nazis + was elected president after the war
1948 - Tito determined to apply communism in his own way - Yugoslavia banned from ‘cominform’
Long telegram + novikov telegram
- George Kennan - USAs deputy chief of mission at us embassy in Moscow saw Soviet Union as aggressive + recommended form action against expansion - sent a telegram - influenced policy if containment
- September 1946 - novikov retaliated to long telegram
Worsened relations
Consequences of soviet expansion
- security if Soviet Union - Eastern Europe acts as a buffer zone against future attacks
- increased rivalry - USA Britain + France believed Stalin’s motives were political - expansion of soviet empire + communism - shown in long telegram
- Soviet Union now had control over Eastern Europe - confirmed division between east and west as stated in churchills iron curtain speech
Churchill iron curtain speech
- march 1946
- speech made in small town of Fulton - an iron curtain has descended across Europe
- imaginary curtain line that divided communist east from capitalist west
Why did. rivalry intensify in 1947
US policy of containment - Truman doctrine + Marshall plan
When was the Truman doctrine
1947
What was the Truman doctrine
- began US policy of containment
- used US influence and military skills to prevent expansion of communism
Why was the Truman doctrine introduced
- USA believes Soviet Union was trying to spread communism
- USA had atomic bomb and wanted to use it to put pressure on Soviet Union
- events were occurring in Greece - being threatened with communist takeover
When was the Greek civil war
1944
Who was Britain supporting in Greek civil war
Royalist government
What was happening in Greece 1947
- communists fighting a Guerilla war against Greek royalist government
- Britain had 40000 troops + gave financial aid
- in 1947 - Britain couldn’t afford to keep supporting Greece + USA stepped in and gave financial aid
How many troops had Britain stationed in Greece 1947
40,000
When was the Truman doctrine announced
March 1947 in a speech - claimed capitalist camp in west and communist camp in east
Consequences of Truman doctrine
- Greek government able to defeat communists
- rivalry between USA and USSR increased - Truman publicly stated that world divided into 2 camps (free vs non free)
- USA became far more involved in European affairs
- USA decided on the Marshall plan - economic aid
- Stalin set up COMINFORM - Communist information bureau
When was the Marshall plan
June 1947
What was the Marshall plan
Backed up Truman doctrine with economic aid to Europe
What was the Marshall plan officially called
European recovery plan
Why was the Marshall plan introduced
- Truman believed communism generally won support in countries where there were economic problems, employment + poverty - suffered badly because of WW2
- If USA could help recover these countries economically + provide reasonable prosperity - no reason to resort to communism
Why were many countries having economic problems in 1947
Effects of WW2
Truman doctrine was…
Political aid - support to the Greek royalist government
Marshall plan was…
Economic aid - financial aid to help countries recover
What aid did the Marshall plan give
- offered to all war-torn European countries
- helped re-equip factories + revive trade/ agriculture
- USA offered money + equipment + goods in the form of cash/food/machinery/ technological assistance
- in return they would agree to buy US goods + allow US companies to invest capital in their industries
Consequences of the Marshall plan
- by 1953 USA provided 17 billion to help European countries rebuild economies + raise standards of living
- Europe became more firmly divided into east and west. Stalin initially involved but removed Soviet Union from discussions - didn’t trust USA and didn’t want to show their weak economic state
- Stalin prevented Eastern European countries eg. Czechoslovakia and Poland from becoming involved
- Stalin accused the USA as using the plan for its own selfish interests - dominate Europe
When was the berlin crisis
1948 - 49
What were the names of the two organisations the Soviet Union set up in 1940s
Cominform + Comecon
Why were cominform and Comecon set up
- In order to extend Soviet Union political and economic control over Eastern Europe
- to retaliate against US policy of containment
When was cominform set up
1947
What does cominform stand for
Communist information Bureau
Why was cominform introduced
- enable Soviet Union to coordinate communist parties throughout Europe
- response to the Truman doctrine
- ensured all states in eastern Europe followed soviet aims/ policies + followed soviet style economic policed eg. Collectivisation of agriculture + state control of industry
How did the Soviet Union use cominform
Used organisation to purge any members who disagreed with Moscow eg. Tito
Who was expelled from cominform
Yugoslavia- Tito
- no intentions of taking orders from Stalin
- was expelled and given economic sanctions
When was Yugoslavia expelled from cominform
1948
When was Comecon set up
1949
What does Comecon stand for
Council for mutual assistance
Why was Comecon founded
- response to the Marshall plan
- supposed to be how Soviet Union could financially support countries in eastern Europe.
- In reality used to:
+ control the economies of these states
+ give the Soviet Union access to their resources
+ encourage economic specialisation within the Soviet bloc eg. Czechoslovakia and East Germany
encouraged to concentrate on heavy industry. Romania, Hungary + Bulgaria specialised in the production of food and raw materials.
How was Comecon actually used
+ control the economies of these states
+ give the Soviet Union access to their resources
+ encourage economic specialisation within the Soviet bloc eg. Czechoslovakia and East Germany
encouraged to concentrate on heavy industry. Romania, Hungary + Bulgaria specialised in the production of food and raw materials.
What was the Berlin crisis
- Stalin blockaded all routes by land + rail into West Berlin
Long term causes of the Berlin blockade
- peace conferences - 1945 - divided Germany up + there were large differences
- West wanted to speed up the economic recovery of Germany - had been devastated by war + now facing serious shortages of food and fuel
- Soviet Union wanted to keep Germany weak
+ refused to allow its own zone to trade with the other three zones = Prevent attack - soviet tried, unsuccessfully, to secure communist control of the Berlin city council but the socialist majority, supported by the western powers, resisted successfully.
Short term causes of the Berlin blockade
- western allies encouraging economic recovery of their zones by providing currency + helped by Marshall aid - set up free elections
- merging of western zones - bizinia
What was bizonia
- jan 1947 - US and British zones in Berlin and
Germany merged into one economic unit known as
Bizonia.
When was bizonia created
Jan 1947
Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - march
March - Soviet representatives walked out of the Allied Control Commission Complaining that western attitudes made it unworkable.
- The Commission had been set up in 1945 to administer all the zones.
Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - April
The Allied zones were included in the Marshall Plan. Soviet troops began to hold up and search road and rail traffic entering West Berlin.
Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - June
western powers announced plans to create a West German State and introduced a new currency, - western Deutschmark
The Soviet Union retaliated by introducing its own currency, - Ostmark, in east Germany
Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - 24th June
Stalin accused the West of interfering in the Soviet zone + cut off road, rail and canal traffic in an attempt to starve West Berlin.
Stalin was trying to force the Allies to pull out of their sectors and abandon plans for separate development of their German zones.
When did the Berlin airlift begin
28th June 1948
How long did the Berlin airlift last
10 months
What was the Berlin airlift code named by the British
Operation plainfare
How often did planes land in the airlift
Every 90 seconds
Why did the airlift pilots have a dangerous job
- soviet planes flew across air corridors
- weather balloons placed in awkward positions
How many tonnes of supplies were the planes carrying a day
By September 1948 - 4600 tonnes
When did the airlift reach its peak
16-17th April 1949 - 1398 flights landed nearly 13000 tons in 24 hours
How many supplies did the airlift deliver at its peak
1398 flights landed nearly 13000 tons in 24 hours
What were the west Berliners supplied with in the airlift
- food + clothing + oil + building materials = but still great shortage in West Berlin
How many total flights were made
275000 - average 4000 tonnes a day
When did Stalin call off the blockade
12th may 1949
Why did Stalin call off the blockade
- couldn’t crush West Berlin politically and economically
- only three percent of west Berliners took up his offer to move to east Berlin
Impacts of the Berlin blockade
- confirmed divisions of Germany and Berlin
- greatly increased east-west rivalry
- lead to the creation of NATO
How did the Berlin blockade cause a more divided Germany
- within a few days of the end of the crisis - west + West Berlin announced they were joining it together to form the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
- Stalin responded by making East German Democratic Republic (GDR) in October 1949
When did Stalin form the German Democratic Republic
October 1949
When did the west form the federal republic of Germany
May 1949
What does NATO stand for
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
When was NATO formed
April 1949
What was NATOs main purpose
Prevent soviet expansion
How did Stalin view NATO
As an ‘aggressive alliance’ - the fact it allowed west Germany to be a part of NATO + remilitarise was seen (by Stalin) as a direct threat to the eastern bloc countries
Consequences of setting up NATO
- USA now committed to defence of Western Europe
- intensified arms race - lead to more development of weapons of destruction
- Lead to the Warsaw Pact being set up (1955)
- USA set up its own missile bases in Western Europe
When was the Warsaw Pact set up
1955
What was the Warsaw Pact
A military alliance of 8 nations headed by the Soviet Union and was designed to counter the threat of NATO
Who was in the Warsaw Pact
Soviet Union + Albania + Poland + Romania + Hungary + east Germany + Czechoslovakia + Bulgaria
Difference between cominform and Comecon
Cominform - political - countered Truman doctrine
Comecon - economical - countered Marshall plan
Consequences of setting up Warsaw Pact
- important role in Czechoslovakian crisis of 1968
- increased rivalry + intensified the arms race
Why was Stalin shocked in 1945
- after hearing news that USA has tested its first atomic bomb I’m 1945
When was the first atomic bomb tested
- By USA - 16th July 1945
When was the first soviet atomic bomb
1949
Consequence of Russia’s atomic bomb
- Truman ordered a new more powerful weapon to be build - H Bomb
When was the H bomb tested
1953
When did both sides have a H Bomb
- by 1953 (Russia tested theirs only a few months after the USA)
When did the USA test its biggest ever H Bomb
1st march 1954 - equivalent to 15 million tonnes of TNT
How did Winston Churchill describe the arms race
‘Balance of terror’
Type of weapons in the arms race
- intercontinental ballistic missives (ICBM)
- Submarine launched ballistic missions - (SLBM)
- Medium range ballistic Missiles (MRBM)
- Nuclear submarines
By 1961 how many ICBMs were there USA vs Soviet Union
63 vs 50
By 1961 how many SLBMs were there USA vs Soviet Union
96 vs 0
By 1961 how many nuclear submarines were there USA vs Soviet Union
21 vs 2
What was the first satellite launched from earth
Sputnik
How long did it take for Sputnik to orbit the earth
1.5 hours
When was Sputnik launched
1957
How did the USA respond to the launch of Sputnik
- Saw it as a military threat
- between 1957 - 59 = increased spending on missiles by 20%
- set up NASA (National Aeronautics and space administration)
Who won the space race
Russia - first man made satellite into space - Sputnik
Who founded NASA
President Eisenhower
First USA man made satellite
- explorer 1
- 1958
First satellite to reach the moon
Lunar - Soviet Union - 1959
First man in space
- Soviet Union - Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1
- 1961
When did Stalin die
1953
Who followed Stalin as new leader
- Nikita Krushchev - 1955
When was Krushchev ‘secret speech’
1956
What did Krushchev say in his ‘secret speech’
- denounced Stalins policies = destalinisation
- believed in peaceful coexistence
What was peaceful coexistence
- belief that two superpowers could exist peacefully together
Hungarys state after WW2
- provisional gov set up at end of the war - agreed to pay soviet unions reparations of $300 million
- elections held in November 1945 - smallholders party won 57%
- head of occupying soviet forces (Voroshilov) refused to let them establish their gov + set up a coalition gov
When were Hungarian elections
November 1945
Results of Hungarian elections - 1945
Smallholders party - 57%
Communist - 17%
Who was the head of soviet forces in Hungary - 1945
Marshal Voroshilov
Impact of soviet control on Hungary
- 1947 - leaders of smallholders party + national peasant party arrested or fled
- next elections - communist was largest single party - still not majority - kept coalition
- new constitution drawn up based on Soviet Union - made Hungary a ‘republic of workers and working peasants’
- Rakosi emerged as leader
- Hungary became part of cominform
Did communist party win next hungary election
- YES/NO = largest single party but not majority
New constitution of Hungary
- republic of workers and working peasants
Rule of rakosi
- used terror + brutality to keep control
- killed about 2000 people in purges + imprisoned 200,000 political opponents
- secret police set up - AVH
- Religious teachings in school removed
How was the Hungarian economy controlled
- through Comecon
- prevented Hungary trading with Western Europe + receiving marshal aid
- therefore forced to trade on uneven terms with Soviet Union
How did rakosi try and transform Hungarys economy
- put forward a 5 year plans - failed
- focused on heavy industry + steel
- but Hungary had no iron ore or coking coal to produce steel
Why did rakosi 5 year plan fail
- didn’t have iron ore or coking coal to produce steel
Consequences of rakosi 5 year plan
- living standards fell
- 1952 - Hungary experienced its lowest agricultural output ever
- rise in unpopularity
When did Hungary experience its lowest agricultural output ever
1952
Who replaced Rakosi
Nagy
Why was Rakosi replaced
New leader of Soviet Union - Malenkov (in between Stalin + Krushchev) didn’t favour him
Leaders of the Hungarian uprising
1953 -1955 - Nagy
1955 - Warsaw Pact
1955 - 1956 July - Rakosi
1956 July - October 25th - Gero (temporary)
(One day) - Katar took over as temporary prime minister
1956 - Nagy reinstated
MAINLY - 1953 - Rakosi 1953 - 1955 - Nagy 1955 - 1956 (october) - Rakosi 1956 October - November - Nagy
Key events of the Hungarian uprising
23rd October - Demonstrations in Budapest beging - demanding free elections + free press + removal of troops + statue of Stalin bought down
25th October - Krushchev tanks opened fired - killed 12 + injured 100
25th October - Gero forced to resign + Kader took over
26th October - Nagy reinstated
30th October - Nagy released political prisoners - most famous Cardinal Mindszenty
31st October - Nagys proposed reforms were published - most controversial wanted to withdraw Hungary from Soviet Union
3rd November - political parties that had been banned under Rakosi had arisen + he set up a coalition government
4th November - Krushchev decided that Nagy gone too far - sent 200,000 troops + 600 tanks to Hungary
How many people did rakosi kill during his rule
2000
How many people did rakosi imprison during his rule
200,000
Who is cardinal mindzsenty
- leader of Catholic Church - imprisoned by Rakosi for life
What were nagys + rebels demand
What actually Happened -
- tanks withdrawn
- released some political prisoners - cardinal mindszenty - 30th October
- announced coalition government
What they were fighting for -
- withdrawal of Warsaw Pact
- Hungary to develop trade links to the west
- freedom of speech/press/worship
- free trade unions
- end to one part system
Krushchev response to uprising
- didn’t want to be seen as weak
- Mao Zedong (Chinese leader) urging him to stand firm against deviation from socialism
- 4th November - thought Nagy gone too far + sent in 200,000 troops + 6000 tanks into Hungary
Why did Soviet Union invade Hungary - overall factors
- pressure from Mao + China to protect communism
- US presidential elections
- set example to rest of the east
- USA + UN involved in suez crises - distracted
- fear of loss of control
- damage to Warsaw Pact
Events of Hungarian invasion - 1956
- soviet army captured airports + bridges + key road junctions
- Hungarian still fought using Guerilla tactics
- Hungarians sent pleas for help to the west via radio
- ceasefire agreed for 10th November but sporadic fighting continued till mid 1957
- Kadar became Hungary’s new leader
Where was Nagy hiding during the invasion
Yugoslav embassy
What happened to Nagy
- Kader offered him a safe way out of country BUT betrayed him + took him to Romania to be hanged in 1958
Who was Hungarys new leader
Kadar
When was ceasefire agreed in the Hungarian uprising
10th November - but sporadic fighting continued till mid 1957
Results of the uprising
- 7000 Hungarian rebels killed
- 200,000 Hungarians fled country - many becoming political refugees
- fled to Austria
International reaction to uprising
- little the west could do - threat of nucleur war + too far away for military intervention + distracted by suez crisis
- UN convened a special inquiry into the events of October - November 1956 but both sides refused to participate
- inquiry resulted in condemnation of Kadar
- Americans symathised with Hungarians eg, Ed Sullivan asked viewers to send aid to Hungarian refugees + had raised $6 million by 1957
- time magazine names Hungarian freedom fighter the ‘man of the year’ in 1956
Importance of the Marshall plan - economic recovery
By 1953 - USA had provided 17 billion to help European countries rebuild their economy + raise standards of living
Us machinery helped European factories recover from effects of WW2
Us advisors helped to rebuild transport systems
Did not need help from communism
point 1 - Hungarian uprising
- Under rakosi
Hard line communist // secreet police AVH // The Catholic Church was penalised, and its leader Cardinal Mindszenty was imprisoned/. In June 1956, the Hungarian people began to protest against Rákosi’s regime, and Moscow replaced him with Ernő Gerő. He was no more popular and on 23 October 1956, students took to the streets and were supported by the workers and the Hungarian army.
point 2 - Hungarian uprising
- Nagy
As riots spread, the Soviets agreed to the formation of a new government under the leadership of the more liberal Imre Nagy - a popular communist leader.
On 28 October, Soviet tanks began to withdraw and many Hungarians were now confident of American support. This led to more pressure for a series of sweeping reforms.
Nagy’s reforms included:
• free elections to choose a democratic government;
• an impartial legal system to ensure fair trials;
• the total withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary;
• farmers to be allowed private ownership of their land (instead of it being state owned);
• Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact and declare neutrality in the Cold War.
On 1 November, Imre Nagy announced the decision to introduce free elections and to leave the Warsaw Pact
point 3 - Hungarian uprising
- Khrushchev refused to accept the idea of Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact as it would leave a gap in the USSR’s buffer zonewith Western Europe.
- Soviet security was Khrushchev’s priority, and he decided to crack down on the new Hungarian government.
- On 4 November 1956, 6,000 Soviet tanks crossed the Hungarian border.
- Bitter street fighting occurred and 30,000 were killed.
- Nagy sought refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy, but was captured and executed in 1958.
- He was replaced by János Kádár who wiped out the remaining resistance.
