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Cold War > 2 - Cold War Crises 1958-70 > Flashcards

2 - Cold War Crises 1958-70 Flashcards

1
Q

What caused the Berlin crisis 1961

A

The soviet unions desire to remove western allies from Berlin

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2
Q

What did the Berlin crisis lead to

A

The construction of the Berlin Wall

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3
Q

When did west Germany join NATO

A

1955

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4
Q

What had west Germany joined in 1957

A

The European economic community - seen as economically stronger then east Germany

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5
Q

Why was Krushchev worried about West Berlin

A
  • symbol of capitalist prosperity in a communist territory
  • Krushchev claimed USA was using West Berlin as a ‘base for espionage’
  • refugee problem
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6
Q

When was the refugee problem in Berlin

A

From 1949

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7
Q

What was the refugee problem

A
  • between 1949 - 1961 = 4 million East Germans fled to west - dissatisfied with economic + political conditions Eg. Forced collectivisation + lack of consumer goods
  • from January - numbers rose to more then 20,000 a month
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8
Q

Why were people deflecting from east to west

A
  • dissatisfied with economic + political conditions
  • lack of consumer goods
  • forced collectivisation + agriculture
  • no private trading
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9
Q

Refugee problem lead to the…

A

Brain drain

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10
Q

What was the brain drain

A

Large numbers of refugees which deflected were intellects/ professional individualsz
- eg. Whole maths department of university of Leipzig defected on one day

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11
Q

Famous example of brain drain

A

Whole maths department of university of Leipzig defected on one day

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12
Q

What was so worrying about the brain drain

A
  • drain of labour
  • threatened economy
  • scientifically fall behind
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13
Q

When was Krushchevs Berlin ultimatum

A

1958

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14
Q

What was Krushchevs Berlin ultimatum

A
  • accused allies of breaking Potsdam agreement

- suggests they leave Berlin in six months and it should be a free neutral city

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15
Q

President Eisenhowers response to Berlin ultimatum

A
  • ready to negotiate

- didn’t want to start a war

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16
Q

Eisenhower and Krushchev were meant to sort this out at..

A

The Paris summit 1960

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17
Q

Why did the Paris summit not happen

A
  • 9 days before - U2 Crisis (Soviet Union announced it had shot down a American plane near Sverdlovsk)
  • Eisenhower refused to apologise
  • Krushchev stormed out of preliminary meeting
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18
Q

Where was the U-2 plane shot down

A

Near Sverdlovsk

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19
Q

Eisenhowers successor

A

JFK - Kennedy

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20
Q

When was the Vienna summit

A

June 1961

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21
Q

Why was Krushchev more hopeful for the Vienna summit

A
  • new leader - Kennedy

- hoped to use his experience to push young Kennedy around

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22
Q

What had Krushchev failed to note about Kennedy

A
  • re-asserted Truman doctrine

- was not going to surrender

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23
Q

What happened at Vienna summit - 1961

A
  • Khrushchev again demanded that western forces leave West Berlin.
  • said he would make a treaty with East Germany which would end all occupation rights, including Western access to Berlin.
  • Kennedy refused to withdraw western forces
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24
Q

Results of Vienna summit

A
  • increased US defence spending by $3.5 billion the following month .
  • July - Khrushchev announced that the Soviet defence budget would increase more than 30%
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25
Q

How did situation deteriorate further

A
  • 13 August - Khrushchev closed the border between East and West Berlin
    -.Streets near to the border - torn up by East German troops so that they could erect a barbed wire entanglement around the 43 km
    which separated the two Berlins.
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26
Q

When did Krushchev close border between east + West Berlin

A

13th August 1961

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27
Q

Barbed wire was used to create a..

A

Temporary wall

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28
Q

Germans replaced temporary wall with…

A

Something much stronger - 3.6m High + 1.2m thick

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29
Q

Why was the area beyond the wall virtually impossible to cross

A
  • patrolling soldiers + dogs
  • floodlights
  • trip wire machine guns
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30
Q

Consequence of wall for US - Soviet relations

A
  • led to serious stand off between two superpowers
  • USA disputed the rights of soviet troops to patrol checkpoints + check passports of American officials
  • Americans stations their own troops/ tanks on west side - so Germans did same on east
  • Kennedy - scared of war
  • promised Khrushchev that if the Soviet Union removed its troops, the USA would do the same.

ENDED STANDOFF

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31
Q

Impact of Berlin Wall for Germans

A
  • deflection to west was very difficult
  • some deflected by tunnelling/ swimming/ jumping out of windows
  • families split up between east + west
  • travel restrictions - can’t see each other
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32
Q

Famous soviet checkpoint

A

Checkpoint Charlie

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33
Q

How did some people still leave east Berlin

A
  • tunnelling + swimming + jumping out of windows

- many shot dead

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34
Q

How did the wall end the Berlin crisis

A
  • flow of refugees stopped
  • economic crisis of east Germany slowly recovering
  • still didn’t remove western forces from Berlin
  • tension eased
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35
Q

When did Kennedy visit Berlin

A

1963

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36
Q

What did the wall become a symbol of

A

The divide

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37
Q

What was Cuba referred to

A

The playground of the USA

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38
Q

How much did America control over Cuba

A

By 1950, USA controlled most of cubas railway + electricity production

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39
Q

Why was Cuba referred to as americas playground

A
  • many people had holiday homes there
  • casinos
  • money to be made from sugar + tobacco production
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40
Q

Who was Cuba ruled by in the 1950s

A

Fulgencio Batista - unpopular dictator

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41
Q

Why did America view Cuba as part of its sphere of influence

A
  • only 145 km from mainland

- proximity

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42
Q

When was the Cuban Revolution

A

1959

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43
Q

Who overthrew Batista

A

Fidel Castro

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44
Q

What did Castro want/do

A
  • socialist
  • wanted greater independence from America
  • removed US capitalist industry
  • seized control of all American property
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45
Q

How did the USA respond to the Cuban Revolution

A
  • banned imports of Cuban sugar - threatened to bankrupt economy
  • refused to recognise Castros Government
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46
Q

Why was Krushchev happy to buy Cuban sugar

A
  • delighted to have an ally so close to America

- offered to buy sugar

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47
Q

How did Krushchev use Castro and Cuba

A
  • sent weapons at end of 1959
  • September 1960 - openly promised to send military assistance
  • wanted to out manoeuvre JFK and gain Cuba
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48
Q

How did USA react to soviet involvement with Cuba

A
  • broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba in JAN 1961
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49
Q

How did USA deal with Cuban exiles

A
  • trained them in preparation for the invasion of Cuba
50
Q

Aim of Cuban invasion

A
  • remove Castro
51
Q

What did the Cuban invasion plan consist of

A
  • land in Cuba + create national uprising
52
Q

Who were the exiles trained by

A

CIA - in Florida + Guatemala

53
Q

What did the exiles call themselves

A

La Brigada 2506

54
Q

What was the budget of Cuban invasion operation

A

$45 million

55
Q

How many people were in La Brigada 2506

A

About 1500

56
Q

Key event of the Cuban invasion

A

15th April - US planes bombed part of the Cuban airforce

16th - Planned second wave of bombings called off. The remnants of the Cuban airforce fought the next day

17th - La Brigada 2506 landed at Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) and encountered forces of about 20,000 men from Castro’s army

19th - Fighting ended. About 100 of La Brigada were killed and 1100 imprisoned

1962
December -
La Brigada prisoners released after $53 million worth of food and medicines given to Cuba by organisations and ordinary people in the USA

57
Q

How many people were in castros army

A

20,000

58
Q

How many La brigada members were killed

A

100 killed + 1000 imprisoned

59
Q

When did fighting in Cuba end

A

19th April

60
Q

When were La brigada prisoners released

A

December 1962 - released after $53 million worth of food and medicines given to Cuba by organisations and ordinary people in the USA

61
Q

Why did the La Brigada invasion fail

A
  • failed to understand that Castro was very popular - no uprising
  • Castro knew attack was gonna happen - exiles were overhead discussing it in Miami
  • US decision not to attack Cuban airforce on 16th April - crucial to their failure
  • Their supply of ships had been sunk by Cuban planes
  • Cuban ground forces - 20,000 - better organised + armed
62
Q

Significance of invasion

A
  • Castro had been loosing support before - increasingly severe economic crisis - Cubans feeling to USA = invasion strengthened castros position
  • USA lost support from rest of Latin America
  • embarrassment for Kennedy - set up operation mongoose - remove Castro
  • pushed Castro closer to Soviet Union
  • Castro felt confident to declare his conversion to communism
  • increased soviet involvement
63
Q

How did Kennedy still try and remove Castro

A

Operating mongoose

64
Q

How did the invasion increase soviet involvement in Cuba

A
  • by end of 1961 - soviet military advisors + combat units stationed in cuba
  • perhaps spread of communism in Latin America
  • could put missiles in cuba + Claim it was ‘for defending Cuba from future attacks’
65
Q

When was the U-2 crisis

A

1960

66
Q

Before 1956 - U2 crisis

A
  • 1950 - US strategic air command carried out illegal spy flights over USSR
  • when Truman found out he banned them - violated soviet air spaces
67
Q

After 1956 - U2 crisis

A
  • president Eisenhower recommenced flights in 1956
  • a new plane used - U-2 PLANE
  • plane flew extremely high - could not be shot down by soviet planes/ anti ballistic missiles
  • carried sophisticated listening devices + very powerful cameras = could read newspaper from ground at 23,000 m
68
Q

Features of U2 crisis

A
  • plane flew extremely high - could not be shot down by soviet planes/ anti ballistic missiles
  • carried sophisticated listening devices + very powerful cameras = could read newspaper from ground at 23,000 m
69
Q

Military build up in Cuba - after revolution

A

Soviet put IRBMS in Cuba - estimated ti be operational by November

  • could hit almost all US cities
  • great threat
  • THIS FACT DISCOVERED ON THE 14TH OCTOBER - U2 PLANE TOOK PICS
70
Q

Kennedys reaction to Cuban / soviet IRBMS

A
  • set up a committee of 12 advisors + discussed his options

Options

  • bomb Cuba + soviet with nuclear weapons
  • invade Cuba
  • use an air strike to destroy missiles
  • blockade Cuba
  • do nothing
71
Q

What did Kennedy decide to do about Cuban missiles crisis

A
  • place a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent soviet troops delivering military materials
  • blockade would stretch 3300 Km
  • Polaris submarines made ready + 156 ICBMS
  • hundreds of thousands of soldiers placed on combat altert
72
Q

When did Kennedy tell the people about the Cuban blockade

A
  • 22nd October
73
Q

Events of Cuban missiles crisis

A

22nd October -Kennedy’ television address

24th - 18 Soviet ships approaching Cuba turned around to avoid confrontation with the US blockade . Kennedy demanded the removal of all missiles; failure to do so would lead to the invasion of Cuba.

26th October - Khrushchev sent Kennedy a letter, offering to remove the missiles if the blockade was removed and there was a promise not to invade Cuba.

27 -Khrushchev sent a tougher letter. He promised to remove the missiles if the USA removed its missiles from Turkey U-2 spy plane shot down over Cuba by Soviet missile.
U2 CRISIS

28th - Kennedy, ignored second letter and accepted the terms of first + added that if there was no positive Soviet response by 29 October, the US forces would invade Cuba - Khrushchev
accepted the offer. The USA agreed to remove missiles from Turkey, but this would take place well after the removal of the missiles on Cuba.

74
Q

U- 2 crisis - when was the U2 plane first shot down

A

1st may 1960 - by USSRs new s-75 anti- aircraft missiles

75
Q

Who was the pilot of the plane and what happened to him

A

Garry powers - captured by the soviets

76
Q

Results of the U2 Crisis

A

Krushchev walks out of summit meeting as Kennedy refuses to apologise

77
Q

When was the U2 crisis

A

May 1960 - 9 DAYS BEFORE PARIS SUMMIT

78
Q

Consequences of the crisis

A

Increased rivalry -

  • Kennedy seemed to have one the war of words + Krushchev backed down
  • Krushchev criticised - Chinese leader - Mao Zedong mocked him

Hotline

  • relief that superpowers did not go to war + kill everyone with nuclear weapons
  • Hotline telephone link set up between White House ( Washington D.C ) + Kremlin (Moscow)
  • ensure faster communication + no letters

Treaties
- limited test ban treaty - august 1963 - USA + USSR agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons in atmosphere

  • outer space treaty - 1968 -agreed space used for peaceful purposes - no nuclear weapons orbiting
  • Nuclear non-proliferation treaty - 1968 - stop spread of nuclear weapons
  • arms Limitation talks - 1969
79
Q

When did the soviets invade Czechoslovakia

A

1968

80
Q

When did opposition start to grow against soviet control

A

1960s

81
Q

When did Novotny start ruling Czechoslovakia

A

1957

82
Q

Why was Novotny unpopular

A
  • hard-line communist
  • slavishly followed soviet lone
  • refused to introduce reform
  • slow to follow Krushchevs policy of ‘de-stalinisation’
  • slow to release prisoners jailed under Stalin
83
Q

Why did opposition grow in Czechoslovakia

A
  • Novotny

- declining economy

84
Q

Czechoslovakian economy

A
  • serious decline in 1960s - standard of living dropped
85
Q

Why was Czechoslovakian economy declining

A
  • Soviet Union forced Czechoslovakian industry to produce materials (steel) for the soviet economy BUT they acc needed these raw materials
  • soviet Union stopped Czechoslovakian factories from producing consumer goods
  • 1962-63 - national income fell
86
Q

When did national income fall in Czechoslovakia

A
  • 1962 - 63
87
Q

When did Novotny try and reform the economy

A

1965

88
Q

What was Novotnys reforms known as

A

New economic model

89
Q

Was the new economic model successful

A

No - produced a surplus of consumer goods that few people could afford

90
Q

Famous Czechoslovakian reformer

A

Alexander Dubek

91
Q

After failure of the new economic model what did the reformers do

A

OCTOBER 1967 - number of reformers - including Dubcek + economist Ota Sik
- they challenged Novotny leadership at central committee of the communist party meeting.

92
Q

When did dubcek invite Brezhnev (soviet leader) to Prague

A

December 1967

93
Q

Why was Brezhnev shocked

A

because of so much opposition to novotny

94
Q

When was novotny replaced as first secretary of communist party

A

5th jan - 1968

95
Q

Who replaced Novotny as first secretary of the communist party

A

Dubcek

96
Q

When did novotny resign as president of Czechoslovakia

A

March 1968

97
Q

Who replaced Novotny as president

A

General Ludvik Svoboda

98
Q

What were Dubceks reforms called

A

Prague springs

99
Q

When were the Prague springs introduced

A

Spring of 1968

100
Q

What were the Prague springs referred to

A

Socialism with a human face

101
Q

What were the Prague springs

A
  • Greater political freedom, including free speech and the abolition of press censorship. By March 1968 the newspapers were printing uncensored discussions of political and social problems.
  • 10-year programme for political change which would bring about democratic elections, a multi-party state and create a new form of democratic socialism.
  • reduction in the powers of the secret police to imprison without trial.
  • creation of works councils representing the workforce to improve working conditions in factories
102
Q

What did greater political freedom in the Prague springs refer too

A

Greater political freedom, including free speech and the abolition of press censorship

  • By March 1968 the newspapers were printing uncensored discussions of political and social problems.
  • The coverage of news by Czech radio and television became fuller.
  • Corruption and bureaucratic delays were exposed by the media.
  • Communist party leaders were ‘grilled’ on live TV
103
Q

Reactions to the Prague springs

A
  • Opponents to communism wanted even more radical reforms - 1968 SDs formed a separate party to rival communist party
  • Ludvik Vaculik - leading journalist - published the manifesto ‘Two thousand words’ - encouraging Czechoslovakian people to force even more reforms
104
Q

Soviet reactions to the Prague springs

A
  • suspicious
  • Czechoslovakia was one of the most important countries in Warsaw Pact
  • centrally placed in eastern bloc
  • had strongest industry
  • worried they would leave Warsaw Pact, allowing nato to move in + advance natos frontier by 700km
  • it would then border Soviet Union
105
Q

Reasons for the invasion

A
  • Prague springs - worried about leaving Warsaw Pact
  • worried new ideas may spread to European countries
  • Brezhnev came under pressure from East German + polish leaders to stop their reforms
  • Vasil Bilak - leader of Slovakian communist party - opposed Prague springs - signed a letter to Brezhnev stating that communism was under threat there - needed to stop the reforms
  • soviet afraid that Czechoslovakia was becoming too close to west germany - industrial relations strengthening
106
Q

Events of the invasion

A

June - Soviet tanks remained in Czechoslovakia after Warsaw Pact military exercises

July - Brezhnev met with leaders of the Warsaw Pact countries in Warsaw - shared his concerns over events in Prague. days later Brezhnev met with Dubcek + he agreed not to allow a new SD + to remain in the Warsaw Pact. BUT insisted on going ahead with his reforms = Soviet Union reassured + tension eased

3rd August - Brezhnev + representatives from Warsaw Pact countries met with Dubcek in Bratislava and signed the Bratislava Declaration + declaring faith in communism.

9th august - leader of Yugoslavia, Tito, who was distrusted by the Soviet Union, was given an enthusiastic reception during a visit to Czechoslovakia - seemed that Dubcek was moving towards independence from the Soviet Union

15th - 18th august - 3 -day meeting of the Soviet Politburo - Brezhnev spoke to Dubcek on the phone, shouting at him that his actions in Prague would bring down the Warsaw Pact

20th August - The Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia

107
Q

How many troops entered Czechoslovakia

A

20 -21st august 1968 - thousands of soviet troops backed by units from Bulgaria + east Germany + Poland

108
Q

How did Czechoslovakia react to invasion

A
  • people threw petrol bombs at soviet tanks
  • buildings set on fire
  • Protestors assembled at Wenceslas square
  • barricades set up in streets
  • students tore down street names to confuse invaders
  • students climbed onto tanks + argued with soviet soldiers

OVERALL - no armed resistance from Czechoslovakian army - fewer then 100 people killed

109
Q

How many people were killed in the Czechoslovakian invasion

A

Fewer then 100

110
Q

What happened to dubcek and other leaders in the invasion

A
  • were arrested + taken to Moscow

- forced to accept the end of Czechoslovakian move to democracy

111
Q

Who replaced dubcek

A

Hard line communist officials

112
Q

When was the Brezhnev doctrine

A

Autumn 1968

113
Q

When did Brezhnev become leader, after Krushchev

A

1964

114
Q

What was the Brezhnev doctrine

A
  • used to justify Czechoslovakian invasion
  • stated that..
  • ‘Soviet Union had the right to invade any country in Eastern Europe whose actions appeared to threaten the security of the whole eastern bloc’

Eg, dubcek actions threatened Warsaw Pact + eastern bloc

ALSO

  • doctrine redefined communism as a one party system + declared all member countries had to remain part of the Warsaw Pact
  • stated that if NATO country attached Warsaw country - had the right to all back them up
115
Q

Consequences of Czechoslovakian soviet invasion - in Czechoslovakia

A
  • demonstrations went on until April 1969
  • jan 1969 - a student set fire to himself in Wenceslas square in protest
  • Czech communist party was purged
  • dubcek forces to resign + sent as an ambassador to turkey + then forced to resign from Czech communist party
116
Q

Famous example of protest in Czechoslovakia

A

Jan 1969 - Boy set himself on fire in Wencelas square

117
Q

Consequences of soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia- soviet + USA relations

A
  • temporarily worsened relationships
  • western countries (especially Britain + USA) protested about soviet actions
  • didn’t really effect relations
  • USA was in the middle of a presidential election in 1968 + was preoccupied with Vietnam war
  • ALSO Brezhnev and Lyndon B Johnson (American president), had an unspoken deal that the USA would not intervene in Czechoslovakia if they wouldn’t in Vietnam
  • reduced national criticism of USA in Vietnam war - soviet seen as much worse
  • Brezhnev doctrine
118
Q

Consequences of soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia- Western Europe

A
  • western countries - like America - condemned actions but offered no military help
  • Western European communist parties in Italy + France were appalled of soviet invasion and declared themselves independent of the soviet communist party
  • Europeans developed - euro communism
119
Q

Consequences of soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia- communist countries

A
  • increased rivalry between china + Soviet Union
  • china criticised use of force against fellow communist nation - scared for themselves
  • other communist countries moved away from Moscow
    + President Ceausecu of Romania refused to send troops to invade Czechoslovakia
    + Albania did the same + left Warsaw Pact in 1968
    + Yugoslavian + Romanian gov condemned + distanced themselves
  • after 1968 - Yugoslavian + Romanian communists formed alliances with china
120
Q

camp David summit 59

A

Camp David Summit - September 1959

The fact that Eisenhower had invited Khrushchev to the official US presidential residence at Camp David, and that Khrushchev had agreed to set foot on US soil, demonstrated the respect the two leaders had for each other.

At this summit Eisenhower said: Because of our importance in the world, it is vital that we understand each other better.

Although no agreement on the long-term fate of Berlin was reached, the ultimatum on Berlin was withdrawn by Khrushchev, and it was agreed that further negotiations would take place in Paris the following year.

121
Q

Paris summit - consequences

A

There was no agreement on a Test Ban Treaty.
America was embarrassed as it was shown to have lied about the U2 plane’s mission, and to be using methods of espionage which were morally suspect. They no longer held the ‘moral high ground’ in the Cold War. This would lead the young John F Kennedy to campaign as a tough anti-communist warrior in the 1960 presidential election campaign.
Nothing was resolved on the issues of Berlin and Cuba. Both would remain major sources of tension in the Cold War.
The relationship between the USA and the USSR deteriorated even further, heightening Cold War tensions.

122
Q

unresolved issued at Paris summit

A

Nuclear weapons and the need for a Test Ban Treaty: both sides knew the potential destructive power of nuclear weapons and were keen to avoid turning bits of the planet into radioactive no-go areas.

Berlin: the Soviets were exasperated that East Germans were continuing to escape to the West.

Cuba: the Americans were concerned that the recent revolution in Cuba had created a communist government on their doorstep.

Cold War (6 decks)

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