Impacts and Responses to Forces Shaping Places

Question 1

3 key forces that shape places are…, … and..

Answer 1

Globalisation
Migration
Gentrification

Question 2

Migration is….

Answer 2

The movement of people from one place to another and can either be temporary or permenant

Question 3

True or false, migration is the permanent movement of people from one place to another

Answer 3

False
It’s the movement of people from one place to another but it can be either temporary or permanent (it isn’t always permanent e.g tourists going on holiday to a place for a week counts as migration)

Question 4

Multiculturalism meaning

Answer 4

Where there are several distinct cultural/ ethnic groups within a society e.g Jamaicans concentrated in Brixton

Question 5

…is where there are several distinct cultural/ ethnic groups within a society e.g Jamaicans in Brixton

Answer 5

Multiculturalism

Question 6

An example of current migration is …to…migration in developing countries

Answer 6

Rural
Urban

As people are seeking better employment opportunities, better access to healthcare, a better quality of life etc

Question 7

4 factors that have made migration even more common now than before (flows of people (migration) have been occurring for centuries but these factors have accelerated flows of people since the late 1900s)

Answer 7

Developments in transport technology (e.g the development of cheap air travel has made it easier to move from one place to another as it is more affordable and there are more flight options available from different places to a larger variety of destinations)

Development in communications technologies (e.g mobile phones, computers etc as people can use these to find job opportunities of where they want to move to to get a good job/ to find a place they want to visit on holiday etc)

Increase in free trade areas (e.g the EU was formed to encourage the movement of free labour between certain European countries who were part of it)

Increasing the development gap (increasing the difference in development between the world’s richest and poorest countries as it leads to more people from MEDCs moving to search for/ obtain better paid jobs)

Question 8

MEDCs and LEDCs meaning

Answer 8

MEDCs= more economically developed countries
LEDCs= less economically developed countries

Question 9

Immigration vs emigration

Answer 9

Immigration is the movement of people into a place (going into/ arriving in the country)
Emigration is the movement of people out of of place (going out of/ leaving the country)

Think ‘I’ immigration and ‘I’ for into
Think ‘E’ for emigration and ‘E’ for exiting

Question 10

Positive demographic impact of immigration on a place

Answer 10

Dependency ratio goes down due to an influx of younger, working age people

Question 11

Negative demographic impact of immigration on a place

Answer 11

Can lead to gender imbalance in the population structure
E.g influx of females can lead to an increase in birth rate and population

Question 12

Negative demographic impact of immigration on a place

Answer 12

Can lead to gender imbalance in the population structure
E.g influx of females can lead to an increase in birth rate and population

Question 13

Positive cultural impact of immigration on a place

Answer 13

Migrants bring with them new food, fashion and music etc creating a multi-cultural society

Question 14

Negative cultural impact of immigration on a place

Answer 14

There may be religious conflict e.g the building of large mosques in UK cities

Question 15

Positive economic impact of immigration on a place

Answer 15

Migrants fill in gaps in labour markets and e.g agricultural jobs

Question 16

Negative economic impact of immigration on a place

Answer 16

Migrants are willing to work for less money which depresses wages (makes everyone else earn less too)

Question 17

Positive social impact of immigration on a place

Answer 17

Migrants contribute to social resources e.g by working in healthcare and contributing to the NHS

Question 18

Negative social impact of immigration on a place

Answer 18

Increased pressure on healthcare and schools, especially primary schools with high numbers of ESL children (children where English is their 2nd language)

Question 19

Positive demographic/ cultural/ economic/ social impacts of immigration on a place

Answer 19

Demographic- influx of younger, working age people lowers the dependency ratio
Cultural- migrants bring with them new foods, music, fashion etc which creates a multi-cultural society
Economic- migrants fill in gaps in labour markets e.g agricultural work
Social- migrants contribute to social resources e.g contributing to healthcare and the NHS

Question 20

Negative demographic/ cultural/ economic/ social impacts of immigration on a place

Answer 20

Demographic- it can lead to a gender imbalance in the population/ an increase in birth rate and population if females migrate
Cultural- it can lead to religious conflicts e.g the building of large mosques in UK cities
Economic- migrants are willing to work for little money which depresses wages
Social- it can increase the pressure on healthcare and schools, especially with primary schools with high numbers of ESL children (children where English is their 2nd language)

Question 21

Positive demographic impact of emigration on a place

Answer 21

It can be beneficial to areas that have high population growth/ are overpopulated

Question 22

Negative demographic impact of emigration on a place

Answer 22

Loss of younger, working age people can lead to an imbalance in the population structure and the dependency ration increases

Question 23

Positive cultural impact of emigration on a place

Answer 23

If a certain group of people leave then there may be less religious/ political tension or conflict

Question 24

Negative cultural impact of emigration on a place

Answer 24

May lead to a loss of cultural vibrancy

Question 25

Positive economic impact of emigration on a place

Answer 25

Migrants send home money in the form of remittances

Question 26

Negative economic impact of emigration on a place

Answer 26

Highly educated and skilled workers (e.g doctors and teachers) leave, leading to a ‘brain drain’

Question 27

When highly educated and skilled workers (e.g doctors and teachers) leave a place, it leads to a….

Answer 27

Brain drain
(This is a negative economic impact of emigration)

Question 28

Positive social impact of emigration on a place

Answer 28

There is less pressure on health and education resources as well as food, energy, water and housing

Question 29

Negative social impact of emigration on a place

Answer 29

Family units and communities are broken apart

Question 30

Positive demographic/ cultural/ economic/ social impacts of emigration on a place

Answer 30

Demographic- it can be beneficial to areas that have high population growth/ are overpopulated
Cultural- if a certain group of people leave then there may be less religious/ political tension or conflict
Economic- migrants send home money in the form of remittances
Social- there is less pressure on health and education resources as well as housing, energy, food and water

Question 31

Negative demographic/ cultural/ economic/ social impacts of emigration on a place

Answer 31

Demographic- loss of younger, working age people leads to an imbalance in the population structure and the dependency ration increases
Cultural- may lead to a loss of cultural vibrancy
Economic- Highly educated and skilled workers (e.g doctors and teachers) leave, leading to a ‘brain drain’
Social- Family units and communities are broken apart

Question 32

What groups of people might be in favour of migration and why

Answer 32

Agricultural employers- they will have more people to employ as migrants often take on agricultural work to fill gaps in the labour market

Local businesses- there will be be more people spending money in their business/ more people to employ

Landlords- they will have more people paying rent

Local council- they will benefit from more tax to be able to spend on services/ infrastructure

Long term residents- they will have a more diverse range of food and shops to benefit from

Nurses and primary school teachers- benefit from the creation of more jobs as more schools children means more teachers needed, maternity wards were being kept open in Boston due to a rise in children in the local area

Question 33

What groups of people might be against migration and why

Answer 33

Local council- they will have to deal with the social issues created

White nationalists- they believe in the survival of the pure white race so don’t want increased ethnic diversity caused by migration

Long term residents- it may change the dynamic and character of where they’re been living for a very long time so they might start to feel like outsiders and feel a loss of sense of belonging with the place

Older people- don’t want change in their area

Unemployed/ low skilled workers- their wages may be depressed as migrants are often willing to work for less money/ they may feel that their jobs have been taken by migrants

Those on waiting lists for social housing- as the waiting list will likely increase so it will take them longer to secure the social housing

Question 34

Gentrification is the in- movement by individuals/ groups of individuals into older housing e.g….that was in a state of disrepair and the physical improvement of that housing (e.g loft extensions). It usually occurs in the…(where) of MEDCs and overtime leads to a significant change in the…character of the area as individuals upgrade their properties which leads to others moving in and doing the same

Answer 34

Victorian terraces
Inner city
Social

Question 35

During the process of gentrification why are current inhabitants (the people currently living there) often displaced

Answer 35

The wealth of the area increases as rent prices increase, shop prices increase etc and so they can no longer afford to live there

Question 36

The process of gentrification starts where individuals/ groups of individuals move into what type of housing

Answer 36

Older housing (e.g Victorian terraces) that was in a state of disrepair

Question 37

In the process of gentrification, first the individuals/ groups of individuals move into older housing (e.g Victorian terraces) that was in a state of disrepair.

What happens next after these people have moved into the houses

Answer 37

They upgrade and physically improve their properties e.g by replacing sash windows and having loft conversions which then encourages other people to move into the area and so the same

Question 38

Where does gentrification mostly take place

Answer 38

In the inner city areas of MEDC cities e.g London and New York

Question 39

The inner city is the area in the city that immediately surrounds the…
Often it would have had factories/ warehouses/ workers’ houses there in the past but deindustrialisation has then lead to it becoming a poor and abandoned area

Answer 39

CBD
(Central business district)- where the shops/ banks/ businesses etc are

Question 40

Large rent gap meaning

Answer 40

Large difference between the actual value of the property and the potential value of the property
(This provides an opportunity for development including for people upgrading their properties as part of gentrification)

Question 41

What is super-gentrification

Answer 41

When a previously gentrified area undergoes a new wave of gentrification and is fuelled by wealthy foreign investors and city bonuses

Question 42

When a previously gentrified area undergoes a new wave of gentrification and is fuelled by wealthy foreign investors and city bonuses this is known as …

Answer 42

Super-gentrification

Question 43

Super gentrification is the ‘top level’ of gentrification where a previously gentrified area undergoes a new wave of gentrification.
It is fuelled by… and…(who)

Answer 43

Wealthy foreign investors
City bonuses

Question 44

…gentrification is where individuals by a ‘fixer upper’ ( a property that needs a lot of work doing to it) and they do all the work themselves e.g artists, the gay community, creative professionals

Answer 44

Pioneer

Question 45

One socio-cultural reason why gentrification is occurring is due to a rise in…attitudes and an increased desire to live in a more central/ culturally vibrant/ characterful area

Answer 45

Anti-suburban

Question 46

One political reason why gentrification is occurring is through … which encourage gentrification e.g a new public transport centre being built in the area that’s going to be gentrified as the gentrifiers will then be able to benefit from it

Answer 46

Government policies

Question 47

One economic reason why gentrification is happening is due to the growth of high income jobs (…sector) in the city e.g finance/ high tech companies as this means that more people have this ‘spare’ money to purchase another property at a relatively low price

Answer 47

Service

Question 48

Why does the growth of high income jobs (the service sector e.g finance/ high tech companies) in the city lead to gentrification happening

Answer 48

More people have this ‘spare’ money to be able to purchase another property at a relatively low price

Question 49

One impact of gentrification is the arrival of…. (good quality/ expensive services and products which are targeted for people of high social classes)

Answer 49

Upmarket boutiques
(This creates new jobs and sources of income but can also force cheaper cafes/ restaurants to close down as they are no longer desirable/ suited for the new style/ wealth of local people so wouldn’t receive enough customers to make it worthwhile. Regardless of the number of customers, they would also likely have to close down anyway due to the increase in rent for their cafe/ restaurant property which has become affordable as gentrification leads to landlords increasing the rent prices in the area)

Question 50

One impact of gentrification is the decrease/ loss of ‘….’ (cheap, run down cafes/ restaurants that typically serve fried foods but can no longer afford to pay the property rent which has increased)

Answer 50

Greasy spoons

Question 51

True or false, one positive impact of gentrification is that the character and profile of the area improves and becomes a more desirable place to live

Answer 51

True

Question 52

One impact of gentrification is.. e.g some properties are upgraded/ demolished/ some have extra construction done e.g loft conversions

Answer 52

Physical renovation

(This is a key sign that gentrification is taking place e.g seeing skips outside houses)

Question 53

True or false, an Impact of gentrification is that houses that were previously vacant (due to being undesirable to live in) are re occupied

Answer 53

True
(Gentrification means that the character and profile of the area is so much better than before that suddenly everyone wants to live in this place if they can afford it)

Question 54

Why might an impact of gentrification be that there is a growth in art spaces e.g an increased number of art galleries in the area

Answer 54

Often gentrifiers include creative professionals and artists who do up their home which leads to an increase in creative people in the area to set up and own/ run these art spaces
It also means that there are more target customers for other people to set up the galleries etc

Question 55

With gentrification, local and independent shops are often replaced by…

Answer 55

Chain stores

Question 56

Why are crime rates likely to decrease after an area has become gentrified

Answer 56

The people living there generally have a better quality of life as they are wealthier so live more privileged lives including living in better quality homes, being able to afford food from more ‘fancy’ restaurants etc. Therefore they are less motivated to commit a crime

There are less derelict spaces for gangs to be able to operate in and more people paying tax (as more people are employed and have higher incomes) means more money can be spent by the local council on improving street lighting and making the area safer

Question 57

Examples of groups of people who are against gentrification

Answer 57

Small independent businesses- they can no longer afford to pay the rent for their property so are forced to close and shut down which then leads to the people previously working there becoming unemployed

Community groups- they may be broken apart as they’re forced to leave to different areas

Local residents/ low income households- that may be forced out of the area as they can’t afford to pay the increased rent

Question 58

Examples of groups of people who are in favour of gentrification

Answer 58

Developers- they earn money in ‘doing up’ the homes to make them higher value and more desirable to live in
Young urban professionals- they are able to successfully set up new businesses in the area
People employed in the new shops/ businesses/ cafes/ restaurants

Question 59

Gentrification involves a…change (change in the population) and …change (change in wealth levels)

Answer 59

Demographic (due to the type of people moving into or leaving the area which can affect the diversity of the area / how aged the population is etc)
Economic

Question 60

Does gentrification often lead to urban regeneration or does urban regeneration often lead to gentrification

Answer 60

Urban regeneration often leads to gentrification

If the area becomes better through improved infrastructure, facilities etc, then the area that surrounds this regenerated area becomes more desirable to live in as the people here will still benefit from the better transport links, job opportunities schools, shops etc)
Therefore gentrification occurs in the surrounding area of where urban regeneration has taken place

Question 61

Does gentrification often lead to urban regeneration or does urban regeneration often lead to gentrification

Answer 61

Urban regeneration often leads to gentrification

If the area becomes better through improved infrastructure, facilities etc, then the area that surrounds this regenerated area becomes more desirable to live in as the people here will still benefit from the better transport links, job opportunities schools, shops etc)
Therefore gentrification occurs in the surrounding area of where urban regeneration has taken place