Impact Of NCDs Flashcards
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high blood sugar
Type 1 Diabetes
The pancreas does not produce insulin- thin people (10%), can be well-controlled in adult hood and have a normal life expectancy. Causes Beta cell destruction
Type 2 Diabetes
Cells become insulin resistant-overweight (90%), pediatric chronic disease. Has beta cell failure
How does Insulin regulate glucose levels?
Beta cells produce insulin in the Islet of Langerhans, in the endocrine Pancreas-tells live muscles and fat to take up glucose in blood
Insulin
- hormone
- secreted by beta cells
- tells liver, muscle, and fat to take up glucose from blood
Beta cells
Produces insulin in endocrine pancreas (islet). Lowers the level of glucose in blood.
Alpha cells
Produce glucagon. Causes glucose to be released from glucagon, and raises the level of glucose (sugar in blood). In endocrine pancreas islet
Delta Cells
Makes somatostatin(regulatory hormone). Controls how beta cells make and release insulin and how alpha cells make and release glucagon.
Hypoglycemia
Blood sugar level that is too low(due to excess of insulin)
Hyperglycemia
- Increase in hepatic(liver) glucose output
- decrease in peripheral glucose uptake and utilization
Ketoacidosis
Metabolic disaster (Associated with high concentrations and breakdown of ketone bodies) due to breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids.
Acute complication to Diabetes
- blurred vision
- frequent urination (polyuria-lead to dehydration)
- Excessive thirst
- coma
- death
- hypoglycemia(in treated patients)
Chronic complications of Diabetes
Nephropathy-kidney failure, retinopathy-blindness, neuropathy-numbness, accelerated cardiovascular disease
Public health burdens
- Most costly chronic disease in the US
- 20-30% of inpatients in hospitals come in for diabetes-related complications
- obesity associates with diabetes
- 30+ million Americans with diabetes
Treating Type 1 Diabetes
- careful diet
- glucose monitoring
- insulin injections
- insulin pump
- pancreas transplant
- islet transplant
