Human Organisms-Body Systems Flashcards
Respiratory Distress
This is when there is a lack of surfactant
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irritated airway, thickened airway lining, lots of thick mucus forms
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphizema
Asthma and COPD Diseases
Diseases that lead to inflammation and obstruction to airway
Asthmatic Airway vs Normal Airway
Asthmatic Airway: Tightening of smooth muscles(bronchoconstriction) across the airway
Bronchial tubes=extra sensitive (hyperresponsive)
Chronic inflammation
What does allergen does to an asthmatic airway?
It triggers the IgE primed mast cells to release histamines and cytokines, which produce the familiar symptoms of asthma.
COPD airways vs normal
COPD airways are irritated causing the lining to thicken and mucus secretion into the airway. It reduces the elasticity of the membranes which leads to fewer gas-exchange potential in the alveoli.
Forced Expiration Curves
You measure the FEV1 (volume exhaled in 1 second) and the FVC (forced vital capacity, total amount of air exhaled). The two values are ratio (FEV1:FVC), the value is tested for COPD
Role of surfactants
They are Secretions that coat alveoli surface and Reduces surface tension. This prevents the collapse of the lung at the end of expiration
IgE
One of the immunoglobulins or proteins that normally protect the body from foreign invaders like parasites
Allergen
Is what causes and allergic reaction.(Allergen-IgE makes antibody for that allergen-these molecules attach to mast cells-2nd encounter these primed mast cells release histamines and cytokines into environment-reaction)
COPD Stages
- Mild 80% normal functioning
- Moderate 50-80% normal functioning
- Severe 30-50%
- Very Severe 30>
COPD Risk Factors
Direct : smoking, 2nd hand smoke, air pollution, occupational exposure to dust and chemicals
Genetic: Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency-related (AAT) emphysema caused by inheritance of the lack of the protein
Blood Flow
Right ventricle pump blood to lungs-in lungs blood loads O2 and unloads CO2-Oxy rich blood enters left atrium-aorta to body tissues by left ventricle-blood returns to the heart via superior and inferior vena cava and flow into right atrium
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute(depends on heart rate and stoke volume)
Heart rate
Pulse, number of beats per minute
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
Cardiac Cycle
The contraction and relaxation of the heart
Systole
Pumping or contraction phase
Diastole
Relaxation or filling phase
Blood pressure
Blood flowing form high to low pressures. Pressure=Flow times resistance. Determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to construction of arterioles. Elasticity :recoiling of the arterial walls play a role in maintaining pressure.
Blood flow velocity
Is the slowest in the capillary beds, as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area. Blood flow in capillaries is necessarily slow for exchange of materials. Vasodilation: blood flow and heat exchange increase, vasoconstriction: blood flow decreases and heat exchange decreases.
Hypertension
High blood pressure (140/90)y- associated with cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes, also chronic kidney disease
Stroke
Death of nervous tissue in brain usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
Heart attack
Death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries
Artherothrombosis
A sudden unpredictable plaque disruption, leading to platelet activation and thrombus(blood clot formation)
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the body’s arteries due to built up and plaque
Embolism
Clot that dislodges from the lining of the vessel and travels to another part of the body, causing a cloth-anything that travels through blood vessels until it reaches that vessel that is too small
Thrombus
Blood clot in vein
HDL
High-density lipoprotein “good cholesterol”
LDL
Low-density lipoprotein “bad cholesterol “ -can reduce this by eating stuff with less trains fat
Statins
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, which is an important enzyme involved in the production of cholesterol
Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease
Kidneys aid in the regulation of blood pressure by maintains the extra cellular fluid volume (ECFV)
Excretory Process
Filtration, absorption, secretion, and execretion.
Reabsorption
Essential in claiming solutes that would other wise be lost
Constant of pH body fluids
Filtrate-interstitial fluid-peritubular capillaries
Osmoregulation
Regulate solute concentrations and balances the gain loss of water
Bowman capsule
Filtrates blood
Proximal tubule
Reabsorption of ions, water and nutrients
Distal tubule
Regulates K and NaCl concentrations. Controlled movement of ions contributes to pH regulation
Collecting duct
Carries Filtrates through the medulla to Renal pelvis
Descending loop of Henle
Water comes out through aquaporin channels
Ascending Loop of Henle
Has ion channels but not water channels
Fluid regulation by ADH-Kidney
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger the release of ADH. ADH in the collecting duct makes the epithelium more permeable to water. This leads to H2O reabsorption and retention of water
Hyponatremia
Sodium levels in the blood are too low. So the red blood cells are hypos osmotic and water leaves the RBC. Ex. Congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure, overhydration
Aquaporin
The plumbing system for cells, or serves as a water channel. Helps water go through cells in an organized way
Diabetes insipidus
When the mutation in ADH production causes severe dehydration. Occurs when the kidney are unable to conserve water as they perform their function of filtering blood
Renin
Released by juxtaglomerular apparatus when a drop in blood pressure occurs. It triggers the formation angiotensin II (peptide)
Angiotensin II
Raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to kidney. Stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone
Aldosterone
Increases blood volume and pressure
ACE
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme. Inhibitors used to usually treat hypertension by reducing Angiotensin II-causes dilation of blood vessels, and increase blood pressure.
What happens when a kidney do not filter?
Poor regulation of solutes in blood
Compromised fluid balance
Accumulation of toxic waste
