Human Organisms-Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory Distress

A

This is when there is a lack of surfactant

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2
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irritated airway, thickened airway lining, lots of thick mucus forms

  1. Chronic bronchitis
  2. Emphizema
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3
Q

Asthma and COPD Diseases

A

Diseases that lead to inflammation and obstruction to airway

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4
Q

Asthmatic Airway vs Normal Airway

A

Asthmatic Airway: Tightening of smooth muscles(bronchoconstriction) across the airway
Bronchial tubes=extra sensitive (hyperresponsive)
Chronic inflammation

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5
Q

What does allergen does to an asthmatic airway?

A

It triggers the IgE primed mast cells to release histamines and cytokines, which produce the familiar symptoms of asthma.

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6
Q

COPD airways vs normal

A

COPD airways are irritated causing the lining to thicken and mucus secretion into the airway. It reduces the elasticity of the membranes which leads to fewer gas-exchange potential in the alveoli.

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7
Q

Forced Expiration Curves

A

You measure the FEV1 (volume exhaled in 1 second) and the FVC (forced vital capacity, total amount of air exhaled). The two values are ratio (FEV1:FVC), the value is tested for COPD

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8
Q

Role of surfactants

A

They are Secretions that coat alveoli surface and Reduces surface tension. This prevents the collapse of the lung at the end of expiration

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9
Q

IgE

A

One of the immunoglobulins or proteins that normally protect the body from foreign invaders like parasites

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10
Q

Allergen

A

Is what causes and allergic reaction.(Allergen-IgE makes antibody for that allergen-these molecules attach to mast cells-2nd encounter these primed mast cells release histamines and cytokines into environment-reaction)

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11
Q

COPD Stages

A
  1. Mild 80% normal functioning
  2. Moderate 50-80% normal functioning
  3. Severe 30-50%
  4. Very Severe 30>
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12
Q

COPD Risk Factors

A

Direct : smoking, 2nd hand smoke, air pollution, occupational exposure to dust and chemicals

Genetic: Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency-related (AAT) emphysema caused by inheritance of the lack of the protein

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13
Q

Blood Flow

A

Right ventricle pump blood to lungs-in lungs blood loads O2 and unloads CO2-Oxy rich blood enters left atrium-aorta to body tissues by left ventricle-blood returns to the heart via superior and inferior vena cava and flow into right atrium

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14
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute(depends on heart rate and stoke volume)

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15
Q

Heart rate

A

Pulse, number of beats per minute

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16
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

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17
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The contraction and relaxation of the heart

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18
Q

Systole

A

Pumping or contraction phase

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19
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation or filling phase

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20
Q

Blood pressure

A

Blood flowing form high to low pressures. Pressure=Flow times resistance. Determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to construction of arterioles. Elasticity :recoiling of the arterial walls play a role in maintaining pressure.

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21
Q

Blood flow velocity

A

Is the slowest in the capillary beds, as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area. Blood flow in capillaries is necessarily slow for exchange of materials. Vasodilation: blood flow and heat exchange increase, vasoconstriction: blood flow decreases and heat exchange decreases.

22
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure (140/90)y- associated with cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes, also chronic kidney disease

23
Q

Stroke

A

Death of nervous tissue in brain usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

24
Q

Heart attack

A

Death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

25
Q

Artherothrombosis

A

A sudden unpredictable plaque disruption, leading to platelet activation and thrombus(blood clot formation)

26
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of the body’s arteries due to built up and plaque

27
Q

Embolism

A

Clot that dislodges from the lining of the vessel and travels to another part of the body, causing a cloth-anything that travels through blood vessels until it reaches that vessel that is too small

28
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot in vein

29
Q

HDL

A

High-density lipoprotein “good cholesterol”

30
Q

LDL

A

Low-density lipoprotein “bad cholesterol “ -can reduce this by eating stuff with less trains fat

31
Q

Statins

A

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, which is an important enzyme involved in the production of cholesterol

32
Q

Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Kidneys aid in the regulation of blood pressure by maintains the extra cellular fluid volume (ECFV)

33
Q

Excretory Process

A

Filtration, absorption, secretion, and execretion.

34
Q

Reabsorption

A

Essential in claiming solutes that would other wise be lost

35
Q

Constant of pH body fluids

A

Filtrate-interstitial fluid-peritubular capillaries

36
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulate solute concentrations and balances the gain loss of water

37
Q

Bowman capsule

A

Filtrates blood

38
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Reabsorption of ions, water and nutrients

39
Q

Distal tubule

A

Regulates K and NaCl concentrations. Controlled movement of ions contributes to pH regulation

40
Q

Collecting duct

A

Carries Filtrates through the medulla to Renal pelvis

41
Q

Descending loop of Henle

A

Water comes out through aquaporin channels

42
Q

Ascending Loop of Henle

A

Has ion channels but not water channels

43
Q

Fluid regulation by ADH-Kidney

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger the release of ADH. ADH in the collecting duct makes the epithelium more permeable to water. This leads to H2O reabsorption and retention of water

44
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Sodium levels in the blood are too low. So the red blood cells are hypos osmotic and water leaves the RBC. Ex. Congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure, overhydration

45
Q

Aquaporin

A

The plumbing system for cells, or serves as a water channel. Helps water go through cells in an organized way

46
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

When the mutation in ADH production causes severe dehydration. Occurs when the kidney are unable to conserve water as they perform their function of filtering blood

47
Q

Renin

A

Released by juxtaglomerular apparatus when a drop in blood pressure occurs. It triggers the formation angiotensin II (peptide)

48
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to kidney. Stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone

49
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases blood volume and pressure

50
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme. Inhibitors used to usually treat hypertension by reducing Angiotensin II-causes dilation of blood vessels, and increase blood pressure.

51
Q

What happens when a kidney do not filter?

A

Poor regulation of solutes in blood
Compromised fluid balance
Accumulation of toxic waste