Impact of Linguistic & Cult Diversity of Speech Sound Production

Question 1

________ services are provided by ______, like accent training for adults.

In public schools there are __ elective services. They treat _________, not differences.

Speech sound errors _________ from first language or actual characteristics of a _________.

Transfer is a structure in a ________ language that is influenced _______ by a structure in a first language.

Answer 1

ELECTIVE services are provided by CHOICE, like accent training for adults.

In public schools there are NO elective services. They treat DISORDERS, not differences.

Speech sound errors TRANSFER from first language or actual characteristics of a DISORDER.

Transfer is a structure in a SECOND language that is influenced DIRECTLY by a structure in a first language.

Question 2

_________ are mutually intelligible forms of a language associated with a particular _______, ethnicity, or ______ class.

Children may be ___________ or bilingual. There are 2 kinds of ___________. Simultaneous and __________. Age of acquisition is important for accent.

____________ is exposure to _ languages from birth. Successive is exposure to one language at ______ and the second language comes _______.

You will have a good L2 _______ if you are exposed to it before _ yrs of age. Some experts used to say at puberty (12-13yrs).

Children all over the world exhibit ___________ processes, such as: _________ cluster _________, velar ________, and stopping of ________.

Answer 2

DIALECTS are mutually intelligible forms of a language associated with a particular REGION, ethnicity, or SOCIAL class.

Children may be BIDIALECTAL or bilingual. There are 2 kinds of BILINGUALISM. Simultaneous and SUCCESSIVE. Age of acquisition is important for accent.

SIMULTANEOUS is exposure to 2 languages from birth. Successive is exposure to one language at BIRTH and the second language comes LATER.

You will have a good L2 ACCENT if you are exposed to it before 8 yrs of age. Some experts used to say at puberty (12-13yrs).

Children all over the world exhibit PHONOLOGICAL processes, such as: CONSONANT cluster REDUCTION, velar FRONTING, and stopping of FRICATIVES.

Question 3

Native American languages are mainly spoken by ______, not _______.

Many Native American languages have ______ stops.

Answer 3

Native American languages are mainly spoken by ELDERS, not CHILDREN.

Many Native American languages have GLOTTAL stops.

Question 4

The _______/______ community is the nation’s ________ minority community. __% of Hispanics are Mexican.

Spanish phonological system is ________ than English (know chart on p.231). English has __ vowels, Spanish has _.

Spanish does not have / _, _, θ, z, _ /

No ______ s- cluster

In assessment and treatment, we must make sure the __________ speaks the same ______, get a ___________ sample, and only _______ for disorder, not __________.

Answer 4

The HISPANIC/LATINO community is the nation’s LARGEST minority community. 63% of Hispanics are Mexican.

Spanish phonological system is SIMPLER than English (know chart on p.231). English has 15 vowels, Spanish has 5.

Spanish does not have / v, ð, θ, z, ʒ /

No INITIAL s- cluster

In assessment and treatment, we must make sure the INTERPRETER speaks the same DIALECT, get a CONVERSATIONAL sample, and only TREAT for disorder, not DIFFERENCES.

Question 5

AAE is heavily influenced by languages of West Africa. Some speakers ________ between AAE and MAE.

There are _ factors that influence the use of AAE. ___, SES, _________ location, Education, and _______.

________ children use it more. Low SES use it _____ than middle and upper SES. It is used more in the _____. Used less in _________ families. Boys use it _____ than girls.

Main focus is on chart on p. 216. Phonological characteristics include ________, FCD, ____, /ð is very common, and f/ is also very common.

Answer 5

AAE is heavily influenced by languages of West Africa. Some speakers CODESWITCH between AAE and MAE.

There are 5 factors that influence the use of AAE. AGE, SES, GEOGRAPHIC location, Education, and GENDER.

YOUNGER children use it more. Low SES use it MORE than middle and upper SES. It is used more in the SOUTH. Used less in EDUCATED families. Boys use it MORE than girls.

Main focus is on chart on p. 216. Phonological characteristics include METATHESIS, FCD, CCR, d/ð is very common, and f/θ is also very common.

Question 6

In terms of assessment and treatment of AAE:

You must take a __________ speech sample, check with caregivers and __________ members, and give __________ tests while scoring in a ________-sensitive manner.

The DELV (Diagnostic Eval of Lang Variation) is the only standardized ________ test that is based on ____.

In _______ schools, there is no _________ treatment to teach MAE, there must be a ________.

In ________ schools or universities, clients may _____ elective services if they want to become more proficient with MAE for _______/_______purposes.

The ____ is for fluent ____________.

Answer 6

In terms of assessment and treatment of AAE:

You must take a CONVERSATION speech sample, check with caregivers and COMMUNITY members, and give STANDARDIZED tests while scoring in a DIALECT-sensitive manner.

The DELV (Diagnostic Eval of Lang Variation) is the only standardized LANGUAGE test that is based on AAE.

In PUBLIC schools, there is no ELECTIVE treatment to teach MAE, there must be a DISORDER.

In PRIVATE schools or universities, clients may SEEK elective services if they want to become more proficient with MAE for SOCIAL/CAREER purposes.

The GOAL is for fluent BIDIALECTALISM.

Question 7

The ______ groups of Asian, Pac Islander, and Arabic populations are 1. _______, 2. Filipinos, 3. Asian ______.

There is a great ___________ of languages.

Answer 7

The LARGEST groups of Asian, Pac Islander, and Arabic populations are 1. CHINESE, 2. Filipinos, 3. Asian INDIANS.

There is a great HETEROGENEITY of languages.

Question 8

Languages of Asian Countries (p.240 is on exam)

1. Arabic: Middle East and N. Africa
   __ letters, all consonants, _ vowel. Has glottal stops and pharyngeal _________. Written right to left. Muslims in India/Pakistan speak _____.
2. Japanese:
   Common substitutions when speaking Eng; /l, s/, _/ð, b/v
   Also may use __________ at the end of a word.
3. Tagalog: Nat’l lang of the Phillipines
   Common substitutions: _/f, b/v, /z, t/θ, d/

Answer 8

Languages of Asian Countries (p.240 is on exam)

1. Arabic: Middle East and N. Africa
   29 letters, all consonants, 1 vowel. Has glottal stops and pharyngeal FRICATIVES. Written right to left. Muslims in India/Pakistan speak URDU.
2. Japanese:
   Common substitutions when speaking Eng; r/l, s/θ, z/ð, b/v
   Also may use EPENTHESIS at the end of a word.
3. Tagalog: Nat’l lang of the Phillipines
   Common substitutions: p/f, b/v, s/z, t/θ, d/ð

Question 9

Langs of Asian Countries (cont.)

4. Khmer /kəmaɪ/: Language of Cambodia
   Mostly __________ and disyllabic words. May have difficulty with English __________ words.

5.Hmong: White/Green Hmong
Mainly spoken in Laos. No /z/ or /w/. One ______ consonant
/_/

6. Vietnamese
   Monosyllabic and _____. No word-_____ consonant clusters as well as ____. May _______ these when speaking English.
7. Chinese: 2 main dialects- Mandarin and ________
   ______ language. No consonant clusters and may delete _____ consonants as well when speaking English.

Answer 9

Langs of Asian Countries (cont.)

4. Khmer /kəmaɪ/: Language of Cambodia
   Mostly MONOSYLLABIC and disyllabic words. May have difficulty with English POLYSYLLABIC words.

5.Hmong: White/Green Hmong
Mainly spoken in Laos. No /z/ or /w/. One FINAL consonant
/ŋ/

6. Vietnamese
   Monosyllabic and TONAL. No word-FINAL consonant clusters as well as FCD. May DELETE these when speaking English.
7. Chinese: 2 main dialects- Mandarin and CANTONESE
   TONAL language. No consonant clusters and may delete FINAL consonants as well when speaking English.