impact of empire 1688-c1730 Flashcards
what is plantations
settlements of protestant people from England
What is the lord deputy
the governor of Ireland, appointed by the monarch
who were the Jacobites
supporters of James II
who were the Williamites
supporters of King Williams
who were the ascendary
wealthy protestants
-English born but thought they were the only true Irish nation
- whole system favoured them
why were there plantations
people were being planted in Ireland to colonise it. Vast area of land were confiscated from catholics
what did MP John Davis say about the protestants and catholics
he called protestants good corn and catholics like weed to be removed
how did English control the irish
Irish were forced to live outside the walls - t
how did English control the irish
Irish were forced to live outside the walls -
when was the reformation
1534
what did the earl fo tyrconnel do (with the instruction of James)
he built catholic membership of the army on Ireland
who was the Irish parliament mainly dominated by
protestants
when did James arrive in Ireland
1689
what happed when James arrived in Ireland in 1689
- he held a parliament in Dublin which passed a law which confiscated land back to the former catholic owners
-it also declared that the English parliament had no right to make laws governing Ireland
what were the three options of the treaty of Limerick to the jacobites
- join Williams army
- return home
- continue following James army and leave the country forever
what happened to the catholic landowners who did not swear their oath
their lands got taken away
what was the impact on Ireland of British control after 1691
- catholics lost their land, religious freedom, political power
- Irish parliament was completely protestant until 1828
- penal laws
what were the penal laws
laws that suppressed the status of catholics in Ireland
what was the 1695 penal law
not allowed to carry arms
what was the 1704 penal laws
not allowed to inherit property
what was 1728 penal laws
not allowed to vote
who had the real power in Ireland
the english based at Dublin castle - all the staff appointed by the London govt
what relationship described Ireland to England (from Englands POV)
child to parent
(the ascendancy saw it as brother and sister)
who were the Campbell clan
powerful clan which was close to William
what did James II want
an absolute monarchy (wanted to control trade and business)
who did James II appoint to be the Lord Deputy of Ireland
the Earl of Tyrconnel
what religion was the Earl of Tyrconnel
catholic
who did the English parliament invite to take over the thrown
William of orange and his wife (James II’s daughter) Mary
when was William and Mary coronated as joint monarchs
April 1689
what did James do when William and Mary arrived in England
he fled to france
how did the siege of Londonderry happen 1689
after fleeing to France, James was given French troops from Louis XIV to win back the three kingdoms.
James with French troops, met the earl of Tyrconnel with an army of Jacobites to siege Londonderry (no protestants allowed in or out)
what did William do about the siege of Londonderry
he sent his troops to fight the Jacobites, broke the siege and freed the protestants (however over a third of his troop died camping in Belfast from bad and damp conditions)
what happened at the Battle of Boyne 1690
Williamites and Jacobites fought it out, no clear winner however James and his army retreated therefore William won
what happened at the Battle of Aughrim 1691
the two sides met again but this time William clearly won, Jacobites finally lost
7,000 were killed on both sides
why was the Treaty of Limerick signed 1691?
to ensure no more war
what was the relationship between the Protestant Ascendancy and the poorer Protestants and Catholics
the Ascendancy became very rich and powerful and there were divisions between them and poor Protestants. Poor Protestants resented the way the British government treated them as a colonised, second-class people
there was also division in faith
what did England do to show that it was a parent and Ireland was the child
impose certain laws (English Woollen Act and Declaratory Act)
what was the 1699 English Woollen Act
made it illegal fro the Irish to export woollen cloth beyond the British Isles (to protect English exports)
1720 Declaratory Act
British parliament had the right to make laws for Ireland ‘in all cases whatsoever’
what right was given from the British Parliament to an English Entrepreneur in 1722-1725
British government gave the right to manufacture Irish halfpennies to an English entrepreneur (William wood) against the will of Irish protestants
why did many highlanders in Scotland support the Jacobites
- belief that James was the rightful king of Scotland according to ancient traditions
- hatred and fear of lowlanders
- conditions of poverty and frequent hunger
when was the union of crowns
1603
what was the union of crowns
Scotland and England run by one king (James II) but had two separate parliaments
reasons for Scots to support James
- he was a Stuart from the ancient Scottish royal family
- Scotland had not been consulted by members of Parliament about the invitation of William of orange
reasons for Scots to support William
- he was a protestant like most Scots & James’s attempts to increase rights for catholics were unpopular
- he was ruling jointly with Mary who was James’s daughter and thus a Stuart from the royal family
what was the Claim of Right 1689
Scottish parliament backed William and blamed James for the troubles and no catholic could become king again
what happened at the battle of Killiecrankie 1689
Jacobites fought government troupes outraged that James was blamed and no Catholic could become king again
Jacobites won but their leader and 1/3 or their army died
what happened at the battle of Dunkeld 1689
jacobite rebellion collapsed
why did William create Fort William in the highlands
to prevent a repeat of the rebellions so he organised military occupation
when did clans who supported James have to swear their allegiance by
1st January 1692
what is the Massacre of Glencoe
what is the Massacre of Glencoe
leader of the McDonalds clan was one day late in swearing his allegiance to William, the king wanted to make an example of this so therefore massacred the clan - it was a murder by trust
(38 women, men and children belonging to the clan were killed)
why did Scotland face economic ruin
- they were dragged into foreign wars
- harvests failed
- many people lived in extreme poverty due to the unequal relationship with england
What was the Navigation Act?
prevented Scottish ships from being involved in trade with England and the colonies overseas (held Scottish economy back)
what policies held the Scottish economy back
- the EIC and the RAC were granted monopoly of trade with India and Africa and Scottish companies had no access to this trade
- Englands involvement in foreign wars meant trade with much of Europe was often cut off
What was the Darien Scheme?
1695 banker William Patterson suggested the formation of a Scottish colony in Central America
the idea was that this settlement could control the trade between North and South America
who backed the Darien scheme
Scottish nobles, the Bank of Scotland, English merchants and bankers
they invested £400,000
what happened a month after the failure of the Darien Scheme
another expedition left Scotland for panama, they tried to rebuild the colony making the same mistakes as they did with the first expedition with disputes about how the settlement should be organised
in 1700 they managed to defeat a Spanish force which provoked the Spanish to attack a month later. after a month’s siege, the Scottish settlers surrendered to the Spanish and were allowed to leave
Why did the Darien Scheme fail?
poor supplies
- inappropriate farming skills for the climate
- hot, humid and swampy climate
- there was opposition from William and the EIC (as it saw the scheme as a threat to its profits) and there was withdrawal from English directors
- indigenous people had no interest in having an alliance with settlers
1699 200 people had died including Patterson’s wife and child
300 of the remaining residents abandoned the settlements
What was the Act of Settlement 1701
the English crown would pass to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany
what Act did the Scottish pass in response to the Act of Settlement
the Act of Security
- asserted Scotland could independently decide who should be the next monarch
what laws did Scotland pass in 1703
- law saying Scotland was allowed to trade wool with countries at war with England
- Act Anent War & Peace (saying only Scottish parliament could declare war, not the monarch)