IMP Flashcards
CLINICAL: rickets cause
- inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix at growth plates due to increased bone resorption
CLINICAL: rickets effect
Deposition of unmineralised matrix causes widening of wrist + rachitic rosary (prominent costochondral junctions)
CLINICAL: why is manubriosternal puncture done in upper half
to prevent injury to arch of aorta
CLINICAL: funnel chest
sternum is depressed
CLINICAL: pigeon chest
- forward projection of sternum
- flattening of chest wall on either side
CLINICAL: sternotomy in cardiac surgery
- sternum split down midline to allow access to heart
- incision closed with stainless steel wires
CLINICAL: ectopia cardis
non fusion of sternal plates; heart lies uncovered on surface
CLINICAL: what does partial fusion of sternal plates cause
- sternal foramina
- bifid xiphoid process
CLINICAL: spina bifida
- failure of fusion of 2 halves of neural arch.
CLINICAL: scoliosis
- body of vertebrabossifies from 2 primary centres
- if 1 fails to develop - results in hemivertebra and lateral bend in vertebral column
CLINICAL: disc prolapse
- after 20 yrs degenerative changes result in weakness of annulus fibrosus
- if disc strains, annulus fibrosus ruptures
- prolapse of nucleus pulposus
- internal derangements of disc
CLINICAL: effects of disc prolapse *
- usually posterolateral
- prolapsed nucleus pulposus presses on nerve roots, gives rise to pain radiating along course (sciatica)
- motor effects; loss of power and reflexes follow
CLINICAL: Dyspnoea
- patient is most comfortable sitting because diaphragm is in lowest position, allowing maximum ventilation
CLINICAL: what type of respiration do pregnant women use
- thoracic as descent of diaphragm is limited
surfaces of manubrium
- anterior
- posterior
borders of manubrium
- superior: suprasternal + clavicular notches
- inferior: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with body of sternum
- 2 lateral:
—– primary cartilaginous joint with 1st costal cartilage
—– provides demifacet for art of upper part of 2nd costal cartilage
sternum surfaces
- anterior: nearly flat, directed forwards and slightly upwards, 3 transverse lines
- posterior: slightly concave, less defined transverse lines
sternum borders
2 lateral borders: form synovial joints with lower part of 2nd costal cartilage, 3rd to 6th and upper part of 7th
sternal ends
- upper: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with manubrium at sternal angle
- lower: narrow and forms primary cartilaginous joint w/ xiphoid process
composition of vertebral column
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 4 coccygeal
what are the true vertebrae
- 7 cervical
-12 thoracic - 5 lumbar
what are the false vertebrae
- 5 sacral
- 4 coccygeal
what are the primary curves of spine saggital
- thoracic + sacral
- present at birth
what are the secondary curves saggital
- cervical + lumbar
- cervical at 5 months when infant starts supporting head
- lumbar at 12-18 months when child assumes upright position
