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Anatomy B3 RE > IMP > Flashcards

IMP Flashcards

1
Q

CLINICAL: rickets cause

A
  • inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix at growth plates due to increased bone resorption
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2
Q

CLINICAL: rickets effect

A

Deposition of unmineralised matrix causes widening of wrist + rachitic rosary (prominent costochondral junctions)

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3
Q

CLINICAL: why is manubriosternal puncture done in upper half

A

to prevent injury to arch of aorta

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4
Q

CLINICAL: funnel chest

A

sternum is depressed

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5
Q

CLINICAL: pigeon chest

A
  • forward projection of sternum
  • flattening of chest wall on either side
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6
Q

CLINICAL: sternotomy in cardiac surgery

A
  • sternum split down midline to allow access to heart
  • incision closed with stainless steel wires
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7
Q

CLINICAL: ectopia cardis

A

non fusion of sternal plates; heart lies uncovered on surface

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8
Q

CLINICAL: what does partial fusion of sternal plates cause

A
  • sternal foramina
  • bifid xiphoid process
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9
Q

CLINICAL: spina bifida

A
  • failure of fusion of 2 halves of neural arch.
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10
Q

CLINICAL: scoliosis

A
  • body of vertebrabossifies from 2 primary centres
  • if 1 fails to develop - results in hemivertebra and lateral bend in vertebral column
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11
Q

CLINICAL: disc prolapse

A
  • after 20 yrs degenerative changes result in weakness of annulus fibrosus
  • if disc strains, annulus fibrosus ruptures
  • prolapse of nucleus pulposus
  • internal derangements of disc
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12
Q

CLINICAL: effects of disc prolapse *

A
  • usually posterolateral
  • prolapsed nucleus pulposus presses on nerve roots, gives rise to pain radiating along course (sciatica)
  • motor effects; loss of power and reflexes follow
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13
Q

CLINICAL: Dyspnoea

A
  • patient is most comfortable sitting because diaphragm is in lowest position, allowing maximum ventilation
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14
Q

CLINICAL: what type of respiration do pregnant women use

A
  • thoracic as descent of diaphragm is limited
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15
Q

surfaces of manubrium

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
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16
Q

borders of manubrium

A
  • superior: suprasternal + clavicular notches
  • inferior: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with body of sternum
  • 2 lateral:
    —– primary cartilaginous joint with 1st costal cartilage
    —– provides demifacet for art of upper part of 2nd costal cartilage
17
Q

sternum surfaces

A
  • anterior: nearly flat, directed forwards and slightly upwards, 3 transverse lines
  • posterior: slightly concave, less defined transverse lines
18
Q

sternum borders

A

2 lateral borders: form synovial joints with lower part of 2nd costal cartilage, 3rd to 6th and upper part of 7th

19
Q

sternal ends

A
  • upper: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with manubrium at sternal angle
  • lower: narrow and forms primary cartilaginous joint w/ xiphoid process
20
Q

composition of vertebral column

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 coccygeal
21
Q

what are the true vertebrae

A
  • 7 cervical
    -12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
22
Q

what are the false vertebrae

A
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 coccygeal
23
Q

what are the primary curves of spine saggital

A
  • thoracic + sacral
  • present at birth
24
Q

what are the secondary curves saggital

A
  • cervical + lumbar
  • cervical at 5 months when infant starts supporting head
  • lumbar at 12-18 months when child assumes upright position
25
Q

how are thoracic vertebrae identified

A

presence of costal facets on sides of vertebral bodies

26
Q

typical thoracic vertebrae

A

2nd to 8th

27
Q

atypical thoracic vertebrae

A

1st, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th

28
Q

shape of body of typical thoracic vertebrae

A

heart shaped

29
Q

what type of joint is manubriosternal joint

A
  • secondary cartilaginous
30
Q

function of intervertebral disc

A
  • shape vertebral column
  • shock absorbers
  • elasticity - allow slight movements of vertebral discs together. when added they become considerable
31
Q

typical ribs

A

ribs with generalised structure - ribs 3 - 9

32
Q

atypical ribs

A

ribs with special features 1,2,10,11,12

33
Q

importance of the sternal angle

A
  • ribs counted from this level down
  • marks plane separating superior and inf mediastinum
  • ascending aorta ends
  • arch of aorta begins and ends
  • descending aorta begins
  • azygos vein opens into SVC
  • trachea divides into two bronchi
  • cardiac plexus situated
    MATAC
34
Q

what forms costal margin

A

7th to 10th costal cartilages

35
Q

what lies between the two costal margins

A

infrasternal or subcostal angle

36
Q

what are upper 7 ribs known as?

A

true/vertebrosternal ribs - articulate with sternum

37
Q

what are 8th 9th and 10th ribs known as?

A

vertebrochondral ribs - articulate with next higher costal cartilage

38
Q

what are 11th and 12th ribs known as?

A

floating/vertebral ribs.

Anatomy B3 RE (4 decks)

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