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Anatomy B3 RE > Chapter 13 BD > Flashcards

Chapter 13 BD Flashcards

1
Q

typical ribs

A

ribs with generalised structure - ribs 3 - 9

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2
Q

atypical ribs

A

ribs with special features 1,2,10,11,12

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3
Q

shape of anterior sternal end typical rib

A

oval and concave

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4
Q

how many facets on head typical rib

A

2 facets
- upper smaller for articulation with next higher vertebra
- lower larger facet for art with body of numerically corresponding vertebra

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5
Q

surfaces of neck typical rib

A
  • anterior smooth
  • posterior rough
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6
Q

borders of neck typical rib

A
  • superior (crest of neck) is thin
  • inferior border rounded
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7
Q

tubercle articulation typical rib

A
  • medial part articulates w/ transverse process of corresponding vertebra - forms costotransverse joint
  • lateral non art
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8
Q

surfaces of shaft typical rib

A
  • outer: marked by oblique line
  • inner: smooth, covered by pleura. marked by ridge continuous w/ lower border of neck
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9
Q

where is costal groove typical rib

A

b/w inner surface ridge and inferior border of neck

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10
Q

what does costal groove contain typ rib

A

posterior intercostal vessels and intercostal nerve

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11
Q

borders of shaft typical rib

A
  • upper: thick, outer and inner lips
  • lower
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12
Q

ossification of a typical rib

A

in cartilage from:
- one primary centre for shaft appears near angle at 8th week of intrauterine life
- 3 secondary centres 1 for head and 2 for tubercle. appear at puberty and unite with rest of bone after 20 years

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13
Q

which rib is shortest broadest and most curved

A

1st rib

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14
Q

surfaces of 1st rib

A
  • superior: 2 shallow grooves separated by ridge forms scalene tubercle in inner corner
  • inferior surface: smooth no costal groove
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15
Q

borders of 1st rib

A
  • outer: thick convex
  • inner: concave
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15
Q

head articulation 1st rib

A

body of 1st thoracic vertebra

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16
Q

tubercle articulation 1st rib

A

transverse process of 1st thoracic vertebra forms costo-transverse joint

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17
Q

ossification of 1st rib

A
  • 1 primary centre for shaft at 8th week
  • 2 secondary centres 1 for head 1 for tubercle. appear at puberty join bone at 20 yrs
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18
Q

features of 2nd rib

A
  • length is 2x 1st rib
  • sharply curved shaft
  • non-art part of tubercle is small
  • shaft has no twist
  • large rough tubercle near middle
  • upper border outer lip is rough
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19
Q

attachments of 2nd rib

A
  • rough tubercle gives origin to 1.5 digitations of serratus anterior muscle
  • rough part of upper border receives scalenus posterior insertion
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20
Q

10th rib features

A
  • shorter than typ rib
  • single facet on head for body of 10th thoracic vertebra
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21
Q

11th and 12th rib features

A
  • short
  • pointed ends
  • no necks and no tubercles
  • angle and costal groove poorly marked in 11, absent in 12th
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22
Q

ossification of 11th and 12th ribs

A
  • 1 primary centre for shaft
  • 1 secondary for head
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23
Q

CLINICAL: rickets cause

A
  • inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix at growth plates due to increased bone resorption
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24
Q

CLINICAL: rickets effect

A

Deposition of unmineralised matrix causes widening of wrist + rachitic rosary (prominent costochondral junctions)

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25
Q

surfaces of manubrium

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
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26
Q

borders of manubrium

A
  • superior: suprasternal + clavicular notches
  • inferior: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with body of sternum
  • 2 lateral:
    —– primary cartilaginous joint with 1st costal cartilage
    —– provides demifacet for art of upper part of 2nd costal cartilage
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27
Q

manubrium ant surface attachments

A
  • pectoralis major
  • sternal head of sternocleoidmastoid
28
Q

manubrium post surface attachments

A
  • sternohyoid in upper part
  • sternothyroid in lower part
29
Q

manubrium suprasternal notch attachments

A
  • lower fibres of interclavicular ligament
  • 2 subdivisions of investing layer of cervical fascia
30
Q

sternum surfaces

A
  • anterior: nearly flat, directed forwards and slightly upwards, 3 transverse lines
  • posterior: slightly concave, less defined transverse lines
31
Q

sternum borders

A

2 lateral borders: form synovial joints with lower part of 2nd costal cartilage, 3rd to 6th and upper part of 7th

32
Q

sternal ends

A
  • upper: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with manubrium at sternal angle
  • lower: narrow and forms primary cartilaginous joint w/ xiphoid process
33
Q

sternum attachments ant surface

A
  • origin to pectoralis major muscle on either side
34
Q

sternum attachments post surface

A

lower part gives origin on either side to sternocostalis muscle

35
Q

sternum attachments lateral border

A

b/w facets for articulation provide attachment for external intercostal membranes and internal intercostal muscles

36
Q

ossification of sternum

A
  • fusion of 2 sternal plates
  • ossified from 2 centres appearing in 5th month
37
Q

ossification of xiphoid process

A
  • centre appears during 3rd year or later
  • fuses w/ body at 40 years
38
Q

CLINICAL: why is manubriosternal puncture done in upper half

A

to prevent injury to arch of aorta

39
Q

CLINICAL: funnel chest

A

sternum is depressed

40
Q

CLINICAL: pigeon chest

A
  • forward projection of sternum
  • flattening of chest wall on either side
41
Q

CLINICAL: sternotomy in cardiac surgery

A
  • sternum split down midline to create access to heart
  • incision closed with stainless steel wires
42
Q

CLINICAL: ectopia cardis

A

non fusion of sternal plates; heart lies uncovered on surface

43
Q

CLINICAL: what does partial fusion of plates cause

A
  • sternal foramina
  • bifid xiphoid process
44
Q

composition of vertebral column

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 coccygeal
45
Q

spinal nerve composition of vertebral column

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
46
Q

what are the true vertebrae

A
  • 7 cervical
    -12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
47
Q

what are the false vertebrae

A
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 coccygeal
48
Q

what are the primary curves of spine saggital

A
  • thoracic + sacral
  • present at birth
49
Q

what are the secondary curves saggital

A
  • cervical + lumbar
  • cervical at 5 months when infant starts supporting head
  • lumbar at 12-18 months when child assumes upright position
50
Q

how are thoracic vertebrae identified

A

presence of costal facets on sides of vertebral bodies

51
Q

typical thoracic vertebrae

A

2nd to 8th

52
Q

atypical thoracic vertebrae

A

1st, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th

53
Q

shape of body of typical thoracic vertebrae

A

heart shaped

54
Q

1st thoracic vertebra features *

A
  • body broad and not heart shaped
  • complete superior costal facet, articulates with 1st rib
  • inferior is demifacet, articulates with 2nd rib
  • spine thick, long and nearly horizontal
55
Q

9th thoracic vertebra features *

A
  • resembles typical thoracic vertebra
  • body has only superior costal demifacets
56
Q

10th thoracic vertebra features *

A
  • body has single complete superior costal facet on each side
57
Q

11th thoracic vertebra features *

A
  • body has single large costal facet on each side
  • transverse process small, no art facet
58
Q

12th thoracic vertebra features *

A
  • single costal facet on each side
  • transverse process small and has no facet, has superior inferior and lateral tubercles
59
Q

ossification of vertebra

A
  • ossifies in cartilage
  • 3 primary centres: 1 for centrum and 1 for each half of neural arch.
    —– appear during 8th-9th weeks of IUL
  • 5 secondary centres appear at 15th year, fuse at 25th
60
Q

CLINICAL: spina bifida

A
  • failure of fusion of 2 halves of neural arch.
61
Q

CLINICAL: scoliosis

A
  • body ossifies from 2 primary centres
  • if 1 fails to develop - results in hemivertebra and lateral bend in vertebral column
62
Q

CLINICAL: disc prolapse

A
  • after 20 yrs degenerative changes result in weakness of annulus fibrosus
  • if disc strains, annulus fibrosus ruptures
  • prolapse of nucleus pulposus
  • internal derangements of disc
63
Q

CLINICAL: effects of disc prolapse *

A
  • usually posterolateral
  • prolapsed nucleus pulposus presses on nerve roots, gives rise to pain radiating along course (sciatica)
  • motor effects; loss of power and reflexes follow
64
Q

what type of joint is manubriosternal joint

A
  • secondary cartilaginous
65
Q

function of manubriosternal joint

A

permits slight movements of the body of sternum on manubrium during respiration

66
Q

function of intervertebral disc

A
  • shape vertebral column
  • shock absorbers
  • elasticity - allow slight movements of vertebral discs together. when added they become considerable
67
Q

CLINICAL: Dyspnoea

A
  • patient is most comfortable sitting because diaphragm is in lowest position, allowing maximum ventilation
68
Q

CLINICAL: what type of respiration do pregnant women use

A
  • thoracic as descent of diaphragm is limited

Anatomy B3 RE (4 decks)

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