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Anatomy B3 RE > Chapter 13 BD > Flashcards

Chapter 13 BD Flashcards

1
Q

typical ribs

A

ribs with generalised structure - ribs 3 - 9

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2
Q

atypical ribs

A

ribs with special features 1,2,10,11,12

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3
Q

shape of anterior sternal end typical rib

A

oval and concave

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4
Q

how many facets on head typical rib

A

2 facets
- upper smaller for articulation with next higher vertebra
- lower larger facet for art with body of numerically corresponding vertebra

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5
Q

surfaces of neck typical rib

A
  • anterior smooth
  • posterior rough
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6
Q

borders of neck typical rib

A
  • superior (crest of neck) is thin
  • inferior border rounded
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7
Q

tubercle articulation typical rib

A
  • medial part articulates w/ transverse process of corresponding vertebra - forms costotransverse joint
  • lateral non art
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8
Q

surfaces of shaft typical rib

A
  • outer: marked by oblique line
  • inner: smooth, covered by pleura. marked by ridge continuous w/ lower border of neck
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9
Q

where is costal groove typical rib

A

b/w inner surface ridge and inferior border of neck

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10
Q

what does costal groove contain typ rib

A

posterior intercostal vessels and intercostal nerve

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11
Q

borders of shaft typical rib

A
  • upper: thick, outer and inner lips
  • lower
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12
Q

ossification of a typical rib

A

in cartilage from:
- one primary centre for shaft appears near angle at 8th week of intrauterine life
- 3 secondary centres 1 for head and 2 for tubercle. appear at puberty and unite with rest of bone after 20 years

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13
Q

which rib is shortest broadest and most curved

A

1st rib

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14
Q

surfaces of 1st rib

A
  • superior: 2 shallow grooves separated by ridge forms scalene tubercle in inner corner
  • inferior surface: smooth no costal groove
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15
Q

borders of 1st rib

A
  • outer: thick convex
  • inner: concave
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15
Q

head articulation 1st rib

A

body of 1st thoracic vertebra

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16
Q

tubercle articulation 1st rib

A

transverse process of 1st thoracic vertebra forms costo-transverse joint

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17
Q

ossification of 1st rib

A
  • 1 primary centre for shaft at 8th week
  • 2 secondary centres 1 for head 1 for tubercle. appear at puberty join bone at 20 yrs
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18
Q

features of 2nd rib

A
  • length is 2x 1st rib
  • sharply curved shaft
  • non-art part of tubercle is small
  • shaft has no twist
  • large rough tubercle near middle
  • upper border outer lip is rough
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19
Q

attachments of 2nd rib

A
  • rough tubercle gives origin to 1.5 digitations of serratus anterior muscle
  • rough part of upper border receives scalenus posterior insertion
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20
Q

10th rib features

A
  • shorter than typ rib
  • single facet on head for body of 10th thoracic vertebra
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21
Q

11th and 12th rib features

A
  • short
  • pointed ends
  • no necks and no tubercles
  • angle and costal groove poorly marked in 11, absent in 12th
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22
Q

ossification of 11th and 12th ribs

A
  • 1 primary centre for shaft
  • 1 secondary for head
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23
Q

CLINICAL: rickets cause

A
  • inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix at growth plates due to increased bone resorption
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24
CLINICAL: rickets effect
Deposition of unmineralised matrix causes widening of wrist + rachitic rosary (prominent costochondral junctions)
25
surfaces of manubrium
- anterior - posterior
26
borders of manubrium
- superior: suprasternal + clavicular notches - inferior: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with body of sternum - 2 lateral: ----- primary cartilaginous joint with 1st costal cartilage ----- provides demifacet for art of upper part of 2nd costal cartilage
27
manubrium ant surface attachments
- pectoralis major - sternal head of sternocleoidmastoid
28
manubrium post surface attachments
- sternohyoid in upper part - sternothyroid in lower part
29
manubrium suprasternal notch attachments
- lower fibres of interclavicular ligament - 2 subdivisions of investing layer of cervical fascia
30
sternum surfaces
- anterior: nearly flat, directed forwards and slightly upwards, 3 transverse lines - posterior: slightly concave, less defined transverse lines
31
sternum borders
2 lateral borders: form synovial joints with lower part of 2nd costal cartilage, 3rd to 6th and upper part of 7th
32
sternal ends
- upper: 2ndry cartilaginous joint with manubrium at sternal angle - lower: narrow and forms primary cartilaginous joint w/ xiphoid process
33
sternum attachments ant surface
- origin to pectoralis major muscle on either side
34
sternum attachments post surface
lower part gives origin on either side to sternocostalis muscle
35
sternum attachments lateral border
b/w facets for articulation provide attachment for external intercostal membranes and internal intercostal muscles
36
ossification of sternum
- fusion of 2 sternal plates - ossified from 2 centres appearing in 5th month
37
ossification of xiphoid process
- centre appears during 3rd year or later - fuses w/ body at 40 years
38
CLINICAL: why is manubriosternal puncture done in upper half
to prevent injury to arch of aorta
39
CLINICAL: funnel chest
sternum is depressed
40
CLINICAL: pigeon chest
- forward projection of sternum - flattening of chest wall on either side
41
CLINICAL: sternotomy in cardiac surgery
- sternum split down midline to create access to heart - incision closed with stainless steel wires
42
CLINICAL: ectopia cardis
non fusion of sternal plates; heart lies uncovered on surface
43
CLINICAL: what does partial fusion of plates cause
- sternal foramina - bifid xiphoid process
44
composition of vertebral column
- 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 4 coccygeal
45
spinal nerve composition of vertebral column
- 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
46
what are the true vertebrae
- 7 cervical -12 thoracic - 5 lumbar
47
what are the false vertebrae
- 5 sacral - 4 coccygeal
48
what are the primary curves of spine saggital
- thoracic + sacral - present at birth
49
what are the secondary curves saggital
- cervical + lumbar - cervical at 5 months when infant starts supporting head - lumbar at 12-18 months when child assumes upright position
50
how are thoracic vertebrae identified
presence of costal facets on sides of vertebral bodies
51
typical thoracic vertebrae
2nd to 8th
52
atypical thoracic vertebrae
1st, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th
53
shape of body of typical thoracic vertebrae
heart shaped
54
1st thoracic vertebra features *
- body broad and not heart shaped - complete superior costal facet, articulates with 1st rib - inferior is demifacet, articulates with 2nd rib - spine thick, long and nearly horizontal
55
9th thoracic vertebra features *
- resembles typical thoracic vertebra - body has only superior costal demifacets
56
10th thoracic vertebra features *
- body has single complete superior costal facet on each side
57
11th thoracic vertebra features *
- body has single large costal facet on each side - transverse process small, no art facet
58
12th thoracic vertebra features *
- single costal facet on each side - transverse process small and has no facet, has superior inferior and lateral tubercles
59
ossification of vertebra
- ossifies in cartilage - 3 primary centres: 1 for centrum and 1 for each half of neural arch. ----- appear during 8th-9th weeks of IUL - 5 secondary centres appear at 15th year, fuse at 25th
60
CLINICAL: spina bifida
- failure of fusion of 2 halves of neural arch.
61
CLINICAL: scoliosis
- body ossifies from 2 primary centres - if 1 fails to develop - results in hemivertebra and lateral bend in vertebral column
62
CLINICAL: disc prolapse
- after 20 yrs degenerative changes result in weakness of annulus fibrosus - if disc strains, annulus fibrosus ruptures - prolapse of nucleus pulposus - internal derangements of disc
63
CLINICAL: effects of disc prolapse *
- usually posterolateral - prolapsed nucleus pulposus presses on nerve roots, gives rise to pain radiating along course (sciatica) - motor effects; loss of power and reflexes follow
64
what type of joint is manubriosternal joint
- secondary cartilaginous
65
function of manubriosternal joint
permits slight movements of the body of sternum on manubrium during respiration
66
function of intervertebral disc
- shape vertebral column - shock absorbers - elasticity - allow slight movements of vertebral discs together. when added they become considerable
67
CLINICAL: Dyspnoea
- patient is most comfortable sitting because diaphragm is in lowest position, allowing maximum ventilation
68
CLINICAL: what type of respiration do pregnant women use
- thoracic as descent of diaphragm is limited

Anatomy B3 RE (4 decks)

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