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Anatomy B3 RE > Chapter 12 BD > Flashcards

Chapter 12 BD Flashcards

1
Q

importance of the sternal angle

A
  • ribs counted from this level down
  • marks plane separating superior and inf mediastinum
  • ascending aorta ends
  • arch of aorta begins and ends
  • descending aorta begins
  • azygos vein opens into SVC
  • trachea divides into two bronchi
  • cardiac plexus situated
    MATAC
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2
Q

what forms costal margin

A

7th to 10th costal cartilages

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3
Q

what lies between the two costal margins

A

infrasternal or subcostal angle

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4
Q

what is the depression in the subcostal angle known as

A

epigastric fossa

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5
Q

where does the xiphoid process lie

A

in the floor of the epigastric fossa

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6
Q

nipple position in males

A

4th intercostal space 10cm from midsternal line

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7
Q

where is the left apex beat normally palpable?

A

left 5th intercostal space, 9cm from midsternal line

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8
Q

what is scapular line

A

vertical line passing through inferior angle of scapula

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9
Q

what are upper 7 ribs known as?

A

true/vertebrosternal ribs - articulate with sternum

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10
Q

what are 8th 9th and 10th ribs known as?

A

vertebrochondral ribs - articulate with next higher costal cartilage

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11
Q

what are 11th and 12th ribs known as?

A

floating/vertebral ribs.

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12
Q

what are false ribs?

A

vertebrochondral and vertebral ribs as they don’t articulate with sternum

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13
Q

CLINICAL: why are rib fractures rare in children?

A

chest walls are elastic

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14
Q

CLINICAL: where do ribs fracture

A

at weakest point - angle

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15
Q

CLINICAL: least commonly injured ribs

A
  • upper 2 ribs (protected by clavicles)
  • lower 2 ribs (free to swing)
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16
Q

thorax shape in transverse section

A

reniform (bean/kidney shaped)

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17
Q

shape of thorax in infants below 2 years

A

circular

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18
Q

CLINICAL: respiration in infants

A

purely abdominal by action of diaphgram as ribs are horizontal

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19
Q

CLINICAL: what are hiccups

A
  • intermittent involuntary spasmodic contraction
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20
Q

CLINICAL: cause of hiccups

A
  • gastric irritation
  • phrenic nerve irritation
  • uraemia
  • hysteria
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21
Q

boundaries of thoracic inlet

A
  • ant: upper border of manubrium sterni
  • post: superior surface of body of first thoracic vertebra
  • on each side: 1st rib with cartilage
22
Q

degree of obliquity of inlet

23
Q

what fascia covers each half of inlet

A

sibson’s fascia/ suprapleural membrane

24
Q

what is sibson’s fascia considered to be?

A

flattened tendon of scalenus minimus. formed by scalenus minimus and endothoracic fascia

25
function of sibson's fascia
- rigidity to thoracic inlet, ensures neck not puffed up and down during respiration
26
inferior surface of sibson's fascia is fused to?
cervical pleura (beneath which lies apex of lungs)
27
viscera of inlet
- trachea - oesophagus - apices of lungs with pleura - remnant of thymus
28
larger vessels of inlet
- brachiocephalic artery - LCC + LSC arteries - Right and left brachiocephalic veins
29
smaller vessels of inlet
- right and left internal thoracic arteries - right and left superior intercostal arteries - right and left post intercostal veins - inferior thyroid veins
30
nerves of inlet
right and left: - phrenic nerves - vagus nerves - sympathetic trunks - 1st thoracic nerves
31
muscles of inlet
- sternohyoid - sternothyroid - longus colli
32
CLINICAL: what is cervical rib
- extra rib in cervix attached to C7 vertebra
33
CINICAL: cervical rib effects
- exerts traction on brachial plexus - parasthaesia/abnormal sensations along ulnar border of forearm - wasting of small muscles of hand supplied by T1 - vascular changes may also occur
34
CLINICAL: coarctation of aorta effects
- posterior intercostal arteries enlarge greatly - characteristic notching on ribs
35
CLINICAL: what is thoracic inlet syndrome
- cervical rib/ variations in scalenus anterior muscle press on subclavian artery and 1st thoracic nerve - symptoms can be vascular, neural or both
36
boundaries of thoracic outlet
- anteriorly: infrasternal angle between the two costal margins - posteriorly: inferior surface of the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra - on each side: costal margin
37
structures passing through vena caval opening
- IVC - right phrenic nerve - lymphatics of liver
38
structures passing through oesophageal opening
- oesophagus - both vagal trunks - left gastric vessels
39
structures passing through aortic opening
- aorta - thoracic duct - azygos vein
40
effect of vena caval opening on contraction
dilation
41
effect of oesophageal opening on contraction
constriction
42
effect of aortic opening on contraction
none
43
vena caval opening situation
T8, right part of central tendon
44
oesophageal opening situation
T10, splitting of right crus
45
aortic opening situation
T12, behind median arcuate ligament
46
mnemonic for situation of openings
I ate 10 eggs at 12 I= IVC ate=T8 10=T10 Eggs=esophagus At= aortic 12=T12
47
where does superior epigastric artery pass
- space of Larrey present b/w slip of xyphoid and 7th costal cartilaginous slip of the diaphragm
48
what is space of larrey known as when enlarged
foramen of Morgagni
49
name other smaller openings of diaphragm
- musculophrenic artery perforates at level of 9th costal cartilage - lower 5 intercostal vessels and nerves pass between costal orgins of diaphragm and transversus abdominis - subcostal vessels and nerves pass behind lateral arcuate ligament - sympathetic trunk passes behind medial arcuate ligament - greater and lesser splanchnic nerves pierce each crus - left phrenic nerve pierces left cupola
50
CLINICAL: what is a sternal puncture/bone marrow biopsy?
- thick needle pierced through sternum till it reaches bone marrow. sample immediately prepared to see if anaemia is due to WBC or RBC maturation

Anatomy B3 RE (4 decks)

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