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16 Immuno > Immunoprophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunoprophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

ways of acquiring immunity

A

natural infection and vaccination

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2
Q

innate and adaptive effector mechanisms

A

read

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3
Q

effector antibodies

A
  • bacteria toxins: neutralization
  • bacteria in extracellular space: opsonization
  • bacteria in plasma: complement activation -> lysis and phagocytosis
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4
Q

t-cell activation steps

A
  1. signal recognition: apc + mhc presents to t cell
  2. costimulation: b7 and cd 40 from apc, cd40L and cd28 from t cell
  3. proliferation
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5
Q

effector t cells

A

cd4 (th1 and th2) or cd8 (cytotoxic t cells)

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6
Q

functions of cd4 and cd8 cells

A

cd4: stimulate tregs, macrophages, b cells, and differentiation of cytotoxic t cells; promote migration and activation
cd8: induce target cells to die, produce protein in lytic granules, release cytokines

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7
Q

protein lytic granules produced by cd8 t cells

A
  • perforin: polymerizes to form pore on target membrane
  • granzymes: activate apoptosis in cytoplasm of target cell
  • granulysin: induces apoptosis
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8
Q

primary antibody response to vaccine

A
  • “priming”
  • bridging of apcs
  • days to weeks
  • forms memory cell population for months, years, or life
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9
Q

secondary antibody response to vaccine

A
  • “boosting”

- memory cells can make greater and more rapid response

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10
Q

primary vs secondary response

A

read

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11
Q

types of vaccines

A
  • live attenuated
  • inactivated
  • subunit
  • toxoid
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12
Q

principles of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • antigens are live and replication competent, but reduced virulence (similar to natural infection)
  • unpredictable + safety and stability concerns
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13
Q

principles of inactivated vaccines

A
  • dead or inactivated viruses
  • may not always induce immune response, may not be long lived
  • need several doses
  • no risk inducing disease, more stable than lav
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14
Q

principles of reassortant vaccines

A
  • at least 2 different strains of same pathogen
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15
Q

principles of subunit vaccines

A
  • contain antigenic parts of pathogen
  • con: needs exact details on which components to use
  • no guarantee immune memory will be formed
  • very safe
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16
Q

principles of protein based subunit vaccine

A
  • uses specific isolatted protein of pathogen
  • con: can be denatured
  • acellular pertussis vaccine and hep b vaccine
17
Q

principles of polysaccharide vaccine

A
  • creates response against molecules in pathogen’s capsule
  • small, not very immunogenic
  • ineffective in infants and young children
  • only short term immunity
18
Q

principles of conjugate subunit vaccine

A
  • create a response against molecules in a pathogen’s capsule
  • long term protective response
  • can prevent common bacterial infections
  • hib and pneumococcal
19
Q

polysaccharide vs polysaccharide conjugate vaccines

A

read

20
Q

principles of toxoid vaccines

A
  • based on toxin of bacteria (ex. tetanus or diptheria)
  • harmless protein-based toxin as antigen
  • aluminum or calcium salts = increase immune response
  • no possibility of reversion and stable
21
Q

adverse events following immunization

A
  • vaccine product related reaction (inherent property)
  • vaccine quality defect related reaction (+ administration device)
  • immunization error-related reaction (handling, prescribing, or administration = PREVENTABLE)
  • immunization anxiety related reaction
  • coincidental event (non vaccine causes)
22
Q

t/f combining antigens increases the risk of adverse reactions

A

false, does not increase

23
Q

advantages of combination vaccines

A
  • reduces cost of stocking and administering vaccines
  • reduces cost of hc visit
  • improving timelines
  • addition of new vaccines into immunization programs
24
Q

t/f routine childhood vaccination (except bcg) are not contraindicated in children with asymptomatic hiv infection

A

true

25
Q

t/f symptomatic hiv/aids patients can take live attenuated vaccines

A

false

26
Q

focus of covid vaccine candidates

A

spike protein and its variants

27
Q

principles of mrna vaccines

A
  • use nucleoside modified mrna
  • ex: pfizer, biontech, moderna
  • can be developed in labs using readily available materials
28
Q

principles of adenovirus vector vaccines

A
  • non-replicating viral vectors
  • produce the antigen that elicits systemic immune response
  • ex: astrazeneca, sputnik v, convidicea, j&j
29
Q

safety monitoring for covid vaccine

A
  • vaccine adverse event reporting system and v safe
30
Q

common side effects of covid vaccine

A
  • pain at injection site!!
  • fatigue and headache
  • fever
  • resolve in a few days, responsive in paracetamol and nsaids, more common in younger
  • second shot has more side effects
31
Q

delayed reaction to covid vaccine

A
  • occur within 5-14 d: warmth, pruritus over/near injection site, regional adenopathy (axillary)
  • not a contraindication
  • responsive to oral antihistamines and topical steroids
32
Q

t/f anaphylaxis vs covid vaccine is common

A

false

33
Q

t/f no evidence of causal relationship between covid vaccination and death

A

true

34
Q

absolute contraindications to covid vaccine

A
  • hypersensitivity to vaccine components

- severe allergic rxn (anaphylaxis) after previous mrna covid vaccine (other therapy not a contraindication)

16 Immuno (8 decks)

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