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PMLS Midterms > Immunonology and Serology > Flashcards

Immunonology and Serology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
A

Immunology

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2
Q
  • Condition of being resistant to infection; State of protection from infectious disease
A

Immunity

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3
Q
  • Foreign substance; Non-self
A

Antigen

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4
Q
  • Any substance that may be specifically bound by an antibody molecule
A

Antigen

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5
Q

sugars, lipids, hormones

A

small, simple intermediary metabolites

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6
Q

complex carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

A

macromolecules

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7
Q

are capable of stimulating B lymphocytes to initiate immune response

A

macromolecules

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8
Q

may bind to antibodies but cannot activate B lymphocytes on their own

A

small antigens

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9
Q
  • Proteins (immunoglobulins) found in the blood plasma
A

Antibody

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10
Q

B lymphocytes create

A

plasma cells

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11
Q
  • Are produced by plasma cells in response to a foreign antigen
A

Antibody

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12
Q

It is usually specific for the antigen against which against which it is formed

A

Antibody

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13
Q
  • Division of immunology that specializes in laboratory detection and measurement of a specific antibody that is produced as a response to exposure to an antigen
A

Serology

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14
Q
  • Studies in vitro antigen-antibody reactions
A

Serology

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15
Q
  • During an outbreak of plague in Athens in 430 B.C., he observed that only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they would not contract the disease a second time
A

Thucydides

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16
Q
  • Started the practice of variolation to prevent acquisition of smallpox
A

Chinese

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17
Q

Dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were directly inhaled by patients

A

Chinese

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18
Q
  • In 1798, he started the practice of vaccination in an attempt to produce a therapeutic procedure against smallpox
A

Edward Jenner

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19
Q

vacca

A

cow

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20
Q
  • Observed that milkmaids who contracted the mild disease cowpox were subsequently immune from the deadly smallpox
  • took material from the cowpox lesions of a dairy maid and scratched the said materials into the skin of a boy named James Phipps. Six weeks later, He inoculated Phipps with material from a smallpox lesion. Within days, the boy developed a reaction at the site but failed to show any sign of smallpox
A

Edward Jenner

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21
Q
  • Was the first to observe attenuation and coined the term “vaccine”
A

Edward Jenner

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22
Q

Process of making something weaker

A

Attenuation

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23
Q

Was the first to demonstrate that it was possible to attenuate, or weaken, a pathogen and administer the attenuated strain as a vaccine

A

Louis Pasteur

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24
Q
  • First to vaccinate sheep using heat-attenuated anthrax bacillus
A

Louis Pasteur

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25
Q
  • Successfully immunized a young boy against rabies
  • administered the untested (in humans) rabies vaccine to Joseph Meister, a 9-year-old boy, who had been bitten and mauled by a rabid dog. The treatment lasted 10 days and the boy recovered & remained healthy.
A

Louis Pasteur

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26
Q

Tested the proposed rabies vaccine with success in dogs and observed that all immunized animals survived a rabies exposure

A

Emile Roux

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27
Q
  • Succeeded in growing the bacterium thought to cause fowl cholera in culture and had shown that chickens injected with the cultured bacterium developed cholera
  • He observed that old cultures of the causative agent, when injected to chickens, would not cause the disease.
  • He also observed that chickens previously injected with old cultures were completely protected from fowl cholera when he injected them with a fresh culture of the bacterium.
A

Louis Pasteur

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28
Q

hypothesized and proved that aging had weakened the virulence of the fowl cholera pathogen and that such an attenuated strain might be administered to protect against the disease

A

Louis Pasteur

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29
Q
  • Demonstrated that serum from animals previously immunized to diphtheria could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals
A

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

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30
Q
  • Demonstrated that a fraction of serum first called gamma-globulin was shown to be responsible for immunity.
A

Elvin Kabat

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31
Q
  • Because immunity was mediated by antibodies contained in body fluids, it was called humoral immunity
A

Elvin Kabat

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32
Q

The active molecules in the immunoglobulin fraction were eventually called

A

antibodies

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33
Q
  • Demonstrated that cells also contribute to the immune state of an animal
A

Elie Methcnikoff

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34
Q
  • Observed that certain white blood cells, which he termed phagocytes, were able to ingest (phagocytose) microorganism and other foreign material.
A

Elie Methcnikoff

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35
Q
  • Hypothesized that cells, rather than serum components, were the major effector of immunity; Became the first proponent of cellular immunity
A

Elie Methcnikoff

36
Q
  • Succeeded in transferring immunity against the tuberculosis organism by transferring white blood cells between guinea pigs, reinforcing the claims of cellular immunity
A

Merrill Chase

37
Q
  • Lymphocyte was identified as the cell responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity
A

Improved Cell Culture Techniques (1950’s)

38
Q
  • Performed a series of experiments on chickens which indicated that there were two types of lymphocytes
A

Bruce Glick

39
Q

Derived from the thymus; Mediated cellular immunity

A

T lymphocytes

40
Q

Derived from the bursa of Fabricius ; Mediated humoral immunity

A

o B lymphocytes

41
Q

In humans, both B and T lymphocytes are produced by the

A

bone marrow

42
Q

The precursors of T-lymphocytes migrate for more information

A

thymus

43
Q

B lymphocytes mature in the

A

bone marrow

44
Q

the two systems were shown to be intertwined, and that both systems were necessary for the immune response

A

humoral and cellular immunity

45
Q

Other name for Innate Immunity

A

Native Immunity

46
Q
  • Consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are already in place even before infection and poised to respond rapidly to infections
A

Innate Immunity

47
Q
  • Response remains the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.
A

Innate Immunity

48
Q

No prior exposure is required, and the response does not change with subsequent exposures

A

Innate Immunity

49
Q
  • Will only be produced after an antigenic challenge to the human host
A

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity

50
Q
  • Characterized by the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure
A

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity

51
Q
  • Characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent
A

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity

52
Q

Mediated by T lymphocytes

A

Cellular Immunity

53
Q

Principal defense mechanism against intracellular microbes; Also responsible for killing of infected cells

A

Cellular Immunity

54
Q

Primarily mediated by antibodies produced by plasma cells

A

Humoral Immunity

55
Q

Principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and assist in their elimination

A

Adaptive Immune Responses

56
Q
  • Molecules that stimulate immune responses
A

Immunogen

57
Q

Phrase about immunogen

A

“All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens”

58
Q

Anatomic barrier, physiological process, normal microbiota/flora, Secretions, Very low pH of vagina and stomach

A

First Line of Defense

59
Q

Intact skin, Mucous membranes

A

Anatomic barriers

60
Q

: Sneezing, coughing, vomiting, gag reflex, constant motion of ciliated epithelial cells in the respiratory tract

A

Physiologic processes

61
Q

Nonpathogenic bacteria that are usually found in certain parts of the body such as the throat and intestines

A

Normal microbiota (Normal flora)

62
Q

Sweat, mucus, earwax (cerumen), saliva, tears, lactic acid in sweat, stomach acid

A

Secretions

63
Q

Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Natural Killer cells

A

Phagocytes

64
Q

Phagocytes, Inflammatory Response, Complement System

A

Second Line of Defense

65
Q

Innate/Natural Immunity Lines

A

First Line of Defense and Second Line of Defense

66
Q

Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Plasma cells

A

Cellular components

67
Q

Antibodies, cytokines

A

Humoral components

68
Q

Cellular and humoral components

A

Third Line of Defense

69
Q
  • Utilized as diagnostic tools for detection of syphilis
A

Nontreponemal Antibody Tests

70
Q

-Detects the presence of reagin antibodies (antibodies against cardiolipin)

A

Nontreponemal Antibody Tests

71
Q

Cardiolipin is found in the mitochondrial membrane > Cell damage > Release of cardiolipin into blood circulation > Production of antibodies against cardiolipin (reagin antibodies)

A

Detection of reagin antibody process

72
Q
  • are almost always produced by persons with syphilis
  • are not specific for syphilis and can be produced in other infectious diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, measles, chickenpox, and hepatitis
A

Reagin Antibodies

73
Q

Nontreponemal tests

A

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test

74
Q
  • Diagnostic tool for Hepatitis B infection
A

HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) Test

75
Q
  • Presence of HBsAg indicates current infection with Hepatitis B virus and that the patient is infectious
A

HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) Test

76
Q
  • The presence of anti-HBs is generally interpreted as indicating immunity from Hepatitis B virus infection
A

Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody) Test

77
Q
  • usually produced by individuals who has been successfully vaccinated against Hepatitis B and those that have recovered successfully from Hepatitis B infection
A

Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody) Test

78
Q
  • Diagnostic tool for detection of Enteric fever and Typhoid fever
A

Widal Test

79
Q
  • Detects the presence of antibodies to pathogenic Salmonella organisms
A

Widal Test

80
Q
  • Used as screening test for Dengue viral infection and as an aid for the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary infection
A

Dengue IgM/IgG Test

81
Q

Indicative of past Dengue infection

A

IgG positive only

82
Q

Indicative of Primary Dengue infection

A

IgM positive only

83
Q

Indicative of Secondary Dengue infection

A

IgM and IgG positive

84
Q

detect the non-structural protein NS1 of dengue virus

A

NS 1 tests

85
Q

is detectable during the acute phase of dengue virus infection, especially during the first 7 days of symptoms.

A

NS 1 tests

86
Q
  • Designed to detect both Dengue Virus NS1 antigen and antibodies to Dengue virus (Dengue IgG/IgM)
A

Dengue Duo Kit

PMLS Midterms (5 decks)

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