Immunomodulators

Question 1

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 1

Antibodies made by one clone

Question 2

What process is used to make monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 2

B cells that make the appropriate antibody are fused to multiple myeloma tumor cells

Question 3

What are antibodies that are derived from immunized mice called?

Answer 3

Murine (omab). All mouse antibody

Question 4

What do you call antibodies that have the mouse VL and VH domains, but human C domains?

Answer 4

Chimeric (ximab)

Question 5

What do you call antibodies in which only the CDR’s of the V domain are derived from the mouse and the rest is human?

Answer 5

Humanized (zumab) antibody

Question 6

What do you call a human antibody?

Answer 6

Human (-umab)

Question 7

What is HAMA?

Answer 7

Human antimouse antibodies. Made by humans who have had repeated exposure to mouse antibodies

Question 8

What is HAHA?

Answer 8

Human antihumanized antibodies

Question 9

What is HACA?

Answer 9

Human antichimeric antibody

Question 10

Descibe Natural Killer cells.

Answer 10

They are large granular lymphocytes (LGL)

They do not have rearranged V(D)J genes and are not thymic-derived

Question 11

What mechanism do NK cells used to kill their targets?

Answer 11

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or ADCC

They have Fc receptors for the receptor of IgG and can deliver a kill signal

Question 12

How can you use passive antibody therapy in cancer?

Answer 12

You can tag antibodies, that can bind to a specific antigen on tumor cells, with a poison or a radioisotope these antibodies are called…

Immunotoxins

Question 13

Describe BiTE (Bispecific T-cell Engager)

Answer 13

It is a two singe-chain engineered antibody. One against CD19 and one against CD3.

Brings together a T cell (CD3) to a CD19+ B cell lymphoma cell.

Question 14

Name a BiTE drug that is used to treat Phildelphia-chromosome negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Answer 14

Blinatumomab

Question 15

There are some major drugs used in organ transplants please give the roles of the following three:

• Azathioprine
• Mycophenolate mofetil
• Glucocorticoids

Answer 15

• Azathiprine: Decreases DNA synthesis and mRNA transcription
• Mycophenolate mofetil: less toxic but same mode of action as azathiprine
• Glucocorticoids: anti-inflammatories in transplatation

Question 16

There are some major drugs used in organ transplants please give the roles of the following three:

• Cyclosporine-A
• Tacrolimus
• Sirolimus

Answer 16

• Cyclosporine-A: Decrease IL-2 production
• Tacrolimus: Synergize with cyclosporine-A decrease synthesis and response to IL-2
• Sirolimus: inhibits a kinase called Target of rapamycin mTOR which is needed for T cell activation

Question 17

There are some major drugs used in organ transplants please give the roles of the following two:

• Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATGAM)
• mAbs

Answer 17

• Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATGAM): Part of the regimen to prepare recipients for bone marrow transplantation and in acute organ rejection
• mAbs: Monoclonal antibodies against CD3 and IL-2