Immunodiagnosis

Question 1

What antibody is used to detect B cells?

Answer 1

CD19

Question 2

What antibodies can used to detect T cells?

Answer 2

Either CD3 or CD4 and CD8

Question 3

How does a flow cytometer work?

Answer 3

Pump cells single file through an orifice and illuminate them with a laser. The light is collected an analyzed

Question 4

Can flow cytometers identify cells that are dividing?

Answer 4

Yes with the use of propidium iodide

Question 5

How can flow cytometry be used to detect cytokies and transcription factors?

Answer 5

If the cells are fixed and permeabilized

Question 6

How do we normally quantify B cells?

Answer 6

Electrophoresis. Cheap but not sensitive

Question 7

What test can measure levels of individual immunoglobulin classes or subclasses?

Answer 7

Single radial immunodiffusion.

Fairly cheap but slow

Question 8

What is the best overall test used to determine T cell function?

Answer 8

Skin test to common antigens

Question 9

True or False: You can test T cell function by performing a test in which you have lymphocytes+monocytes mixed with T cell mitogens PHA and Con A. This tricks ALL T cells into thinking they see an antigen and they start producing IL-2, IL-4 and INF gamma

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What can you do to test an infants T cell fucntion

Answer 10

X ray

Question 11

What would you do to test a patient that you suspect has a primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 11

Lymphoid biopsy

Question 12

How do you diagnose an autoimmune disease characterized by antinuclear antibodies?

Answer 12

Fix a cell to a slide. Make it permeable so the anitbodies can get into the nucleus. Place the patients serum onto the slide. Add goat-antihuman antibodies that have fluorescent makers. Observe under UV microscope

Question 13

How do you detect rheumatoid factor?

Answer 13

Bind IgG to latex particles. See if the patients serum (which containis IgM) agglutinates

Question 14

What test would you do if you suspected your patient had a type III disease?

Answer 14

Take the patients serum and place it in the refrigerator for about 1-7 days.

Immune complexes are less soluble in the cold so you should see some cryoglobulins

Question 15

What if you are not sure if your patient has Type II or type III immunopathology?

Answer 15

Immunofluoresence should help

Question 16

What is the main difference between immunofluoresence and immunohistochemisty?

Answer 16

Instead of using an antibody bound to a fluorescent molecule you use an antibody bound to a peroxidase.

You can visualize a brown pigment under a regular microscope

Question 17

How can we test for specific antibodies?

Answer 17

Simple ELISA

Question 18

What are two types of immunofluorescence?

Answer 18

Direct and indirect

Question 19

What is passive agglutination?

Answer 19

You add dilutions of the patients serum to latex beads that are bound to an antibody.

It looks for the agglutination titer

Question 20

What is a titer?

Answer 20

The reciprocal of the highest dilution that will still do something

Question 21

What tests can you use if an antigen is divalent?

Answer 21

Sandwich or capture ELISA

Question 22

What are fluorescent immunoassays?

Answer 22

A substrate that become a fluorescent product

Question 23

True or False: an antigen with only one epitope can be measured in a capture assay?

Answer 23

False. For antigens with only one epitope you have to use a competition assay

Question 24

What do rapid screens do?1

Answer 24

They can be used to detect the presents of Streptococcus by passing sample through a membrane that has Strep antigens stuck to it. Kind of like capture actually
Detergent pops liposomes and produces color

Question 25

Reverse passive agglutination is a process in which timy latex beads are coated with antibodies to bacteria. What is this process used to detect?

Answer 25

Bacterial meningitis