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Blood and Lymph Unit 3 > Immunology and AIDS > Flashcards

Immunology and AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

When Th(CD4+) cells fall below _____ of blood, a diagnosis of AIDS is made.

A

200/microliter

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2
Q

What percentage of people living with AIDS are unaware?

A

16%

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3
Q

OraQuick is a home test for HIV antibody why is it unreliable?

A

Because it gives a lot of false negatives (1:12)

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4
Q

Which strain of HIV has not gone global yet?

A

HIV-2

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5
Q

Describe HIV.

A

Nontransforming retrovirus that uses reverse transcripase to copy its RNA genome to DNA

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6
Q

HIV is a part of what group of viruses?

A

Lentiviruses

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7
Q

What virus is HIV most closely related to?

A

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, SIV

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8
Q

What is considered risky behavior?

A

Sexual contact with someone with the disease

Any contact through injured mucous membrane

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9
Q

Do circumcised males decrease the spread of HIV?

A

Yes

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10
Q

“Long term survivors” are genetically unique in that they….

A

Have a homozygous deletion of CCR5
Their T cells can’t get infected, but there DC and macrophages can
Found in 10% of Caucasians

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11
Q

What are Elite controllers?

A

HLA-B57 make effective CTL to HIV peptides presented in HLA-B57. Can become infected but did not progress to AIDS

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12
Q

After exposure at what time does the antigen peak in the body?

At what time does the antibody peak=?

A

6 weeks

9 weeks

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13
Q

What is a DC-SIGN?

A

When HIV adheres to a lectin on dendritic cells

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14
Q

What viral protein binds CD4+ and then CCR5?

A

gp120

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15
Q

What is gp41?

A

Glycoprotein associated with gp120. That, when it changes its conformation, exposes a very hydrophobic region that literally melts away the T cell’s membrane so the cell and virus fuse

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16
Q

What helps the double-stranded DNA copy of HIV insert into the host DNA?

A

Viral integrates helps it insert into a random break

17
Q

How many genes does HIV encode?

A

9

18
Q

How often is the entire population of virus replaced?

A

Everyday.

19
Q

How can syncytium form between two T cells?

A

gp120/gp41 is made early and inserted into the membrane. That way a infected T cell can infect a healthy T cell without the virus being released

20
Q

HIV persists in memory Tfh cells so as the disease progresses what other cell line is likely to be affected?

A

B cells

21
Q

Name some opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

A

Candida or the mouth, esophagus, and rectum
TB- Most common cause of death
Kaposi sarcoma
Burkitts
Late AIDS dementia- infection of microglia

22
Q

Is a positive ELISA test enough evidence to diagnose someone with HIV?

A

No because ELISA has a lot of false positives. You would have to follow with a western blot for HIV antibodies

23
Q

What can you do to test what therapies will have the most effectiveness?

A

PCR

24
Q

What was the first treatment for AIDS introduced in 1987?

A

AZT

25
Q

name two classes of Reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A
  1. Nucleosides (NRTI)- Competitve inhibitors & chain terminators
  2. Non-Nucleoside (NNRTI)- Bind to hydrophobic pocket on enzymes that changes the conformation and activity of catalytic site.
26
Q

You can use a protease inhibitor for products of what three genes?

A

gag
pol
env
Which all make proteases

27
Q

What drug binds to gp41 preventing conformational change so it cannot melt the membrane?

A

Enfuvirtide-Fusion inhibitor

28
Q

What drug acts as a CCR5 antagonist and blocks viral entry?

A

Maraviroc

29
Q

What drug acts as a integrase inhibitor?

A

Raltegravir

30
Q

What is the standard antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

A

Combines two NRTI and a third drug from a different class

31
Q

What is the three pronged approach to prevention of HIV transmission?

A
  1. Safe sex
  2. Tenovir- anti-HIV drug used in lube
  3. Prophylactic ART protects noninfected partner and fetus
32
Q

Is there hope for a vaccine in the future?

A

Yes by using a broadly neutralizing antibody that can block infection by almost all HIV strains and mutant forms

33
Q

What kills more people according to the wold statistics in 2012: Seasonal influenze or AIDS?

A

Influenza

Blood and Lymph Unit 3 (12 decks)

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