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Microbiology > Immunology specific host defense > Flashcards

Immunology specific host defense Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system: two part

A
  1. Humoral Immune system

2. Cellular immune system

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2
Q

Humoral Immune System

A

Involves a specific antibodies in the blood and lymph (the body’s humors) Produced by B CELLS

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3
Q

Cellular Immune system

A

Involves T CELLS. That do not produce antibodies but secretes cytokines.

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4
Q

Specialized lymphocytes responses to

A

Extracellular ags

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5
Q

T cells mature in the

A

Thymus

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6
Q

After maturation, T cell migrate to

A

Lymphoid tissues

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7
Q

7 types of immunity

A
  1. Innate Immunity
  2. acquired immunity
  3. Natural acquired ACTIVE immunity
  4. Artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity
  5. Passive immunity
  6. Natural acquired PASSIVE immunity
  7. Artificially acquired PASSIVE immunity
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8
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Born with it

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9
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Adaptive immunity
Resistance to infection due to ANTIBODIES
a. Active immunity (made by yourself)
b Passive immunity (performed by someone else)

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10
Q

Natural acquired active immunity

A

Person making their own antibodies
1. stimulus: Contact with the live microbes by Natural Process - infection; illness
2. Responses: Symptoms of disease or subclinical RXN. Active production of antibodies to the pathogen
Duration: Long term (months-years) sometimes life long. ex: Influenza.

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11
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Antigen is intentionally introduced to the body (vaccine.immunization)

  1. Stimulus: Vaccines/ Immunization:
    a. Kill pathogens (or their proteins alone)
    b. Attenuated/weaken live pathogen
    c. Inactivated toxin (TOXOID) - old, resembling toxoid will cause immune response.
  2. Response: Production of specific antibodies without developing symptoms of disease (or prodromal symptoms only)
  3. Duration: Variable (months-years-life time)
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12
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Immunity acquired through transfer of antibodies.

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13
Q

Naturally acquired Passive immunity

A
  1. Mother to fetus through the placenta (Placental transfer) or in colostrum/milk during nursing.
  2. Response: No immune response. Acquisition of antibody only.
  3. Duration: short term (a few weeks - months)
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14
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A
  1. Antibodies formed in one individual transferred/injected into another individual. Immune serum/gamma globulin.
  2. Response: No immune response, acquisition of antibody only.
  3. Duration: Very short (2-3 weeks) e.g. Venomous snakes bites, tetanus, Hep. A, Diphtheria, Botulism.
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15
Q

Specific immune response involves production of ______ antibodies (Ab) against specific antigen (Ag).

A

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16
Q

The Nature of Antigens/Immunogens Definition

A

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17
Q

The Nature of antigen/Immunogen: Characteristics

A

FOREIGN/NON Self Matter eg. Microorgamism, toxins, Foreign tissues.
Chemically: Complex Molecules: Eg. Protein or Polysaccharide
The more complex the better

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18
Q

Hapten/Partial Antigen

A

Has reactivity (combines with specific antibody) without immunogenicity (stimulating production of specific antibodies) unless bound to a carrier.

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19
Q

Antigenic determinant epitope

A

Antibodied are not formed against a whole organism but specific regoins or chemical groups

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20
Q

Nature of antibodied/immunoglobulins

A

Definition: A protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to an immunogen/antigen and is capable of combing with that antigen.

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21
Q

Gamma Globulins:

A

From separation of blood proteins by electrophoresis

Concerts artificial acquired passive immunity

22
Q

Antibody Structure

A

Two heavy chains and two light chains. Heavy and light chains both have C or constant portion and the V or variable portion.

23
Q

V portion:

A

Is different for each kind of Ab and gives ab its specificity. Ag binding occurs at the V portion.

24
Q

C portion:

A

Constant for each class of ab.

25
Q

Fab

A

Antigen binding fragament: the two arms

26
Q

Fc:

A

Crystallizable fragement: the “trunk” of the antibodies. Contains the complement binding site.

27
Q

5 Classes of antibodies

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
28
Q

IgG

A

Monomer 80% of serum antibodies
(most abunant ab in Serum)
can cross the placenta **Pretects fetus and newborn
Fix complemen. Enhance phagocytosisl neutralize toxins and virus,

29
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer 5-10% of serum antibodies
Fixes complement in blood, lymph, on B cells
Agglutinate microbes; also Ab produced in response to infection

30
Q

IgA

A

Dimer 10-15% of serum antibodies main ab in mucus secretion, and breast milk.
mucosal protection

31
Q

igD

A

Monomer 0.2% of serum antibodies in blood and lymph. Receptor on B cells

32
Q

IgE

A

Monomer 0.002% of serum antibodies.
on mast cells and basophils, in blood.
Allergic reaction; lysis of parasitic worm

33
Q

Antibody responses (B cells)

A

1st response: contact with the Ag for the first time.
-plasma cells -> antibodies
- Memory cells are formed - has specific receptors
2nd response/anamnestic(memory) response
- Memory cells activated -> plasma cells -> antibodies formed quickly and in large number

34
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Involves interaction of macrophages and specific T lymphocytes (T-cells)

Pathogens enter the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts pass through peyer’s patches, which contain APCs (antigen-presenting cells)

35
Q

Dendritic cells

A

M (Microfold) cells over Peyer’s patches facilitate contact of antigens with the immune system.

36
Q

T-cells differentiate into _____ T cells when stimulated by an antigen.

A

effector

Some effector T-cells become memory cells

37
Q

T cell types

A 
Helper T cell (CD4, Th)
Th1
Th2
Cytotoxin T cell
Delayed hypersensitivity T cell
Suppressor T cell
38
Q

Th1

A

Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity

39
Q

Th2

A

Activate B cells to produce IgM and igE

40
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8,Tc)

A

Destroy target cells with perforin

41
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity t cell

A

Td: Associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test

42
Q

Suppressor Tcells

A

ts: turns off immune response when antigen is no longer present.

Also called regulator t cells

43
Q

Nonspecific cells

A 
Activated macrophages
Natural killer cells 
T-dependent Antigens 
T-Independent Antigen
Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
Self Tolerate
Clonal deletion
Major Histocompatibility complex 
Human leukocyte Antigen complex
44
Q

Activated Macrophages

A

Macrophages stimulated by injection of antigen or by cytokines

45
Q

Natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, and tumors

Same function of cytotoxic Tcells but nonspecfic - clumsy. A lot of collateral damage.

46
Q

T-dependent antigen

A

Sequence of event t cell comes before b cells (plasma memory)

47
Q

T-independent antigen

A

limitation: has to be a large molecule but B cell can replicate without Tcell

48
Q

Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

Read page 485

49
Q

Self tolerant

A

The immune system does not normally attack self tissues or compounds.

50
Q

Clonal deletion

A

During embryonic development lymphocytes with antigen receptors for molecules present in the body are destroyed (theory)

51
Q

Major Histocompatibility complex

A

(MHC) or other wise known as Human Lekocyte Antigen complex (HEA)
Glycoproteins in plasma membrane the enable the immune system to distinguish self from nonself.

Class I MHC: On all nucleated cells (almost all your cells)
Class II MHC: On macrophages and B cell.

Microbiology (3 decks)

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