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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

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2
Q

Susceptibility is affected by

A
  1. General health
  2. Nutrition
  3. Age
  4. Stress
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3
Q

Resistance

A

Ability to ward off disease

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4
Q

Nonspecific resistance

A

Generally present. Defenses against any pathogen (not directed toward any particular pathogen)

Skin is nonspecific but not our online 1st line of defence.

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5
Q

Specific Resistance

A

Immunity, resistance to a SPECIFIC pathogen

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6
Q

Innate resistance/immunity

A

Born with the immunity

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7
Q

Species - innate

A

Pathogen may only infect a limited range of species

eg. mumps infects humans not dogs or cars.
anthrax: cattle’s and humans but not birds

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8
Q

Reasons for species resistance

A
  1. Physiology: temperature: Human 37 degrees C and birds 41-45 degrees. Pasteur exposed chickens to anthrax and lowered their body temp - chickens died.
  2. anatomy: Plant diseases (certain chemical receptors plant pathogens require do not exist in/on the human body)
  3. behavior and diet: eg fish tapeworm ingested in raw fish. Any species that do not eat fish is unlikely to get this diseases
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9
Q

Race or strain - innate

A

eg. Caucasians are more susceptible to diphtheria, influenza, or gonorrhea.
Blacks and american Indians are more susceptible to TB

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10
Q

Gender

A

Hormone levels effect the immune system

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11
Q

Mechanical/physical/chemical barriers

A
  1. Intact skin
  2. Mucous membrane
  3. Hairs of the ear and noise
  4. Ciliary/mucociliary escolator
  5. Lacrimal apparatus
  6. Salivary glands
  7. Urine
  8. Vaginal secretion
  9. Reflexes
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12
Q

Chemical defenses

A
  1. Sebaceous glads
  2. Sweat glands
  3. The beta Defensins
  4. Gastric juice
  5. Transferrins
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13
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Nonspecific.

  1. Natural killer cells (NK cells) release granzymes (protein digesting enzymes) induce the target cell to under go apoptosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Inflammation/fever
  4. Antimicrobial substances
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14
Q

Blood: fluid portion

A

Plasma and Serum

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15
Q

Formed Elements

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Thrombocytes/Platelets

Made from Stem cells

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16
Q

2 Types of Leukocytes (WBC)

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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17
Q

3 types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophiles (PMNs)
Basophiles
Eosinsphiles

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18
Q

2 Types of Agranulocytes

A
  1. Monocytes/macrophages

2. Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Differential Blood Count

A

Determines the relative percent of each WBC type.

Many infection cause an increase or decrease in WBC numbers

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20
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in total WBC count

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21
Q

Leukpenia

A

decrease in WBC cout

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22
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increase Neutrophil count

>10% bands = infection or inflammation

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23
Q

Neutopenia

A

Decrease in Neutrophil count

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24
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increased Eosinophil count

eg Allergies and Parasitic infections

25
Lymphocytosis
Increase lymphocyte count
26
Function of Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
27
Function of Basophils/Mast cells
Produce Histamine
28
Function of Eosinpphils
Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis
29
Function of monocytes
Phagocytis (can engulf a lot of material e/o filling themselves) as mature macrophages
30
Function of Lymphocytes
Involves in specific immunity
31
Function of natural killer cell
Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, and tumors
32
Mononuclear Phagocytic/ Reticuloendothelia
(RES) Consist of phagocytes which enter certain tissues and remains there: Fixed macrophages/histocytes: ingest bacteria and debris as they flow past
33
Macrophages Found in liver
Kupffer cells
34
Macrophages Found in Lung
Alveolar Macrophages
35
Macrophages Found in Nervous system
Microglial cells
36
Macrophages Found in Skin
Langerhan's cells also located in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peritoneal cavity.
37
What are other Macrophages called?
Wandering macrophages
38
Inflammatory response
Response to tissue damage by a combination of nonspecific defensed. Characterized in: redness, Pain, Heat, Swelling
39
4 Functions of Inflammation
1. Destroy the injurious agent, and remove it. 2. Confining or walling off the injurious agent and it's by products. 3. To repair or replace damaged tissues 4. Stimulate and enhance immune response
40
In response to injury ____ proteins (complement, cytokine, fibrinogen, and kinins) are activated and their concentration increases
acute phage proteins
41
vasodilation
1. vasodilation injured tissues release histamines kinins prostaglandins leukotrienes these substances dilate (increase the diameter) of blood vessels redness and heat increased permeability marination and emigration/diapedesis of WBC increased WBC at site of injury PMNs reach site first (short lived) monocytes reach site within 24 hr (longer lived)
42
Margination
Grabbing onto epithelial cells and slows down/stopping cells
43
Emigration
Slipping out of blood stream into site of infection
44
vasodilation injured tissues release
histamine kinins prostaglands leukotrienes
45
Dilate
Increases size in diameter
46
Vasodilation of WBC
margination and emigration/diapedesis
47
Swelling and edema
Increases flow of fluid from blood and tissues space
48
Tissue repair
The final stage of inflammation. Begins during the active phase of inflammation.
49
Fever
Systemic increase in body temperature.
50
Endogenous Pyrogens
``` Interlukin 1 (IL-1 )[acts on hypothalamus] and alpha tumor necrosis factor (body's response to cause fever) Secreted by WBC - Macrophages and Monocytes ``` ``` act on the hypothalamus (body's thermostat) hypothalamus releases prostaglandins increase in body temperature inhibits the growth of some organisms speed up body's chemical reactions decreases available iron ``` When IL-1 is eliminated, body temp falls (crisis)
51
Complement system
A group of over 30 proteins found in the body. | Complements antigen antibody reactions binds to immune complexes.
52
Compliment system functions
1. cell lysis: membrane attact complex 2. WBC chemotaxis: Attracts phagocytes 3. opsonization or immune adherence: enhances phagocytosis 4. inflammation
53
Interferon (IFN) 2 types
1. Alpha and beta IFN | 2. Gamma IFN
54
Alpha IFN and Beta IFN
Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.
55
Gamma IFN
Increases the activity of neutrophiles (antiviral) and macrophages in phagocytizing bacteria.
56
Toll-like Receptors (TLR
Transmembrane proteins on immune cells that recognize and attract to molecules on pathogen g activate an immune response to those microbes
57
Toll like receptors recognize
a variety of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
58
Pathogen assoc molecular patterns
recognized by toll like receptors

Microbiology (3 decks)

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