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Microbiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

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2
Q

Susceptibility is affected by

A
  1. General health
  2. Nutrition
  3. Age
  4. Stress
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3
Q

Resistance

A

Ability to ward off disease

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4
Q

Nonspecific resistance

A

Generally present. Defenses against any pathogen (not directed toward any particular pathogen)

Skin is nonspecific but not our online 1st line of defence.

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5
Q

Specific Resistance

A

Immunity, resistance to a SPECIFIC pathogen

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6
Q

Innate resistance/immunity

A

Born with the immunity

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7
Q

Species - innate

A

Pathogen may only infect a limited range of species

eg. mumps infects humans not dogs or cars.
anthrax: cattle’s and humans but not birds

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8
Q

Reasons for species resistance

A
  1. Physiology: temperature: Human 37 degrees C and birds 41-45 degrees. Pasteur exposed chickens to anthrax and lowered their body temp - chickens died.
  2. anatomy: Plant diseases (certain chemical receptors plant pathogens require do not exist in/on the human body)
  3. behavior and diet: eg fish tapeworm ingested in raw fish. Any species that do not eat fish is unlikely to get this diseases
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9
Q

Race or strain - innate

A

eg. Caucasians are more susceptible to diphtheria, influenza, or gonorrhea.
Blacks and american Indians are more susceptible to TB

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10
Q

Gender

A

Hormone levels effect the immune system

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11
Q

Mechanical/physical/chemical barriers

A
  1. Intact skin
  2. Mucous membrane
  3. Hairs of the ear and noise
  4. Ciliary/mucociliary escolator
  5. Lacrimal apparatus
  6. Salivary glands
  7. Urine
  8. Vaginal secretion
  9. Reflexes
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12
Q

Chemical defenses

A
  1. Sebaceous glads
  2. Sweat glands
  3. The beta Defensins
  4. Gastric juice
  5. Transferrins
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13
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Nonspecific.

  1. Natural killer cells (NK cells) release granzymes (protein digesting enzymes) induce the target cell to under go apoptosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Inflammation/fever
  4. Antimicrobial substances
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14
Q

Blood: fluid portion

A

Plasma and Serum

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15
Q

Formed Elements

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Thrombocytes/Platelets

Made from Stem cells

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16
Q

2 Types of Leukocytes (WBC)

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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17
Q

3 types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophiles (PMNs)
Basophiles
Eosinsphiles

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18
Q

2 Types of Agranulocytes

A
  1. Monocytes/macrophages

2. Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Differential Blood Count

A

Determines the relative percent of each WBC type.

Many infection cause an increase or decrease in WBC numbers

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20
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in total WBC count

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21
Q

Leukpenia

A

decrease in WBC cout

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22
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increase Neutrophil count

>10% bands = infection or inflammation

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23
Q

Neutopenia

A

Decrease in Neutrophil count

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24
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increased Eosinophil count

eg Allergies and Parasitic infections

25
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increase lymphocyte count

26
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

27
Q

Function of Basophils/Mast cells

A

Produce Histamine

28
Q

Function of Eosinpphils

A

Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis

29
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Phagocytis (can engulf a lot of material e/o filling themselves) as mature macrophages

30
Q

Function of Lymphocytes

A

Involves in specific immunity

31
Q

Function of natural killer cell

A

Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, and tumors

32
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytic/ Reticuloendothelia

A

(RES) Consist of phagocytes which enter certain tissues and remains there: Fixed macrophages/histocytes: ingest bacteria and debris as they flow past

33
Q

Macrophages Found in liver

A

Kupffer cells

34
Q

Macrophages Found in Lung

A

Alveolar Macrophages

35
Q

Macrophages Found in Nervous system

A

Microglial cells

36
Q

Macrophages Found in Skin

A

Langerhan’s cells

also located in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peritoneal cavity.

37
Q

What are other Macrophages called?

A

Wandering macrophages

38
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Response to tissue damage by a combination of nonspecific defensed.

Characterized in: redness, Pain, Heat, Swelling

39
Q

4 Functions of Inflammation

A
  1. Destroy the injurious agent, and remove it.
  2. Confining or walling off the injurious agent and it’s by products.
  3. To repair or replace damaged tissues
  4. Stimulate and enhance immune response
40
Q

In response to injury ____ proteins (complement, cytokine, fibrinogen, and kinins) are activated and their concentration increases

A

acute phage proteins

41
Q

vasodilation

A
  1. vasodilation injured tissues release histamines kinins prostaglandins leukotrienes
    these substances dilate (increase the diameter) of blood vessels
    redness and heat
    increased permeability
    marination and emigration/diapedesis of WBC
    increased WBC at site of injury
    PMNs reach site first (short lived)
    monocytes reach site within 24 hr (longer lived)
42
Q

Margination

A

Grabbing onto epithelial cells and slows down/stopping cells

43
Q

Emigration

A

Slipping out of blood stream into site of infection

44
Q

vasodilation injured tissues release

A

histamine
kinins
prostaglands
leukotrienes

45
Q

Dilate

A

Increases size in diameter

46
Q

Vasodilation of WBC

A

margination and emigration/diapedesis

47
Q

Swelling and edema

A

Increases flow of fluid from blood and tissues space

48
Q

Tissue repair

A

The final stage of inflammation. Begins during the active phase of inflammation.

49
Q

Fever

A

Systemic increase in body temperature.

50
Q

Endogenous Pyrogens

A 
Interlukin 1 (IL-1 )[acts on hypothalamus] and alpha tumor necrosis factor (body's response to cause fever)
Secreted by WBC - Macrophages and Monocytes 
act on the hypothalamus (body's thermostat) 
hypothalamus releases prostaglandins
increase in body temperature
inhibits the growth of some organisms
speed up body's chemical reactions
decreases available iron

When IL-1 is eliminated, body temp falls (crisis)

51
Q

Complement system

A

A group of over 30 proteins found in the body.

Complements antigen antibody reactions binds to immune complexes.

52
Q

Compliment system functions

A
  1. cell lysis: membrane attact complex
  2. WBC chemotaxis: Attracts phagocytes
  3. opsonization or immune adherence: enhances phagocytosis
  4. inflammation
53
Q

Interferon (IFN) 2 types

A
  1. Alpha and beta IFN

2. Gamma IFN

54
Q

Alpha IFN and Beta IFN

A

Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.

55
Q

Gamma IFN

A

Increases the activity of neutrophiles (antiviral) and macrophages in phagocytizing bacteria.

56
Q

Toll-like Receptors (TLR

A

Transmembrane proteins on immune cells that recognize and attract to molecules on pathogen g activate an immune response to those microbes

57
Q

Toll like receptors recognize

A

a variety of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

58
Q

Pathogen assoc molecular patterns

A

recognized by toll like receptors

Microbiology (3 decks)

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