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Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics > Immunology Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Immunology Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are infections the same across all people?

A

No, they can different results in different people.
ie. Tuberculosis in a young patient can be localised and contained.
In an elderly patient, it can be widespread and cause greater damage, causing secondary symptoms.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organism that produces disease in the host.

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3
Q

What are the majority of organisms associated with the human body? Are they pathogenic?

A

Majority are bacterial

Most are non-pathogenic

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4
Q

Where is the largest community of bacteria in humans?

A

Colon

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5
Q

Why are bacteria kept within the colon, and on the skin in humans, and other organisms?

A

Beneficial to some degree, and kept evolutionarily as they outcompete possible pathogens.
Some in the gut also provide some VitB nutrients.

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6
Q

Are all bacteria always harmless on the human skin?

A

No, some are opportunistic, and invade and become pathogenic when immunity is weakened.

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7
Q

How does malnutrition compromise immunity?

A

Lack of protein - lack of antibodies

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8
Q

How does alcoholism compromise immunity?

A

Liver is heavily involved in protein synthesis. Excess alcohol consumption causes cirrhosis.

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9
Q

How does leukaemia compromise immunity?

A

Cancer of the white cells, they cant effectively fight off infection.

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10
Q

How does HIV compromise immunity?

A

Targets immune cells (Th cells), impacting the immune system heavily.

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11
Q

Name two primary lymphoid tissue/organs. Name 3 secondary ones.

A

Primary
Bone marrow and thymus
Secondary
Spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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12
Q

How does lymph move through the body?

A

Muscle contraction.

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13
Q

Define leukocyte. What two stem cell lines do they originate from?

A

White blood cell. Originate from foetal hepatic stem cells, and bone marrow stem cells.

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14
Q

What are the two classes of leukocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is the ratio of lymphocytes found in blood vs lymph?

A

10:1

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16
Q

What is anaemia characterised by on a blood smear?

A

Red blood cells have a light centre.

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17
Q

How do neutrophils appear under a blood smear?

A

Well formed nuclear lobed cells.

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18
Q

Why do individuals with leukaemia have poor immunity if they have so many leukocytes?

A

They have many immature leukocytes, using up too many resources, and hence weak immunity.

19
Q

Name the two types of lymphocytes.

A

B and T cells.

20
Q

How are monocytes and macrophages related?

A

Monocytes move out into tissue to become macrophages.

Are called monocytes when in the blood circulation.

21
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Highly branched cells that sample antigens from pathogens, and present them to lymphocytes in the lymph node.

22
Q

What are granulocytes? Give 3 examples.

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Includes eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils.

23
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Thought to be lymphocytes. Originate from the bone marrow, seek out cancer cells.

24
Q

What are the 5 types of mononuclear cells?

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Granulocytes
Natural killer cells
25
Q

Which cell is the precursor to all immune cells?

A

Haemocytoblast.

26
Q

What is the first line of defence (3)?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, antibacterial excretions - tears, stomach acid, saliva

27
Q

What is the second line of defence (2)?

A

Phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins - complement proteins.

28
Q

What is the third line of defence (2)?

A

Lymphocytes, antibodies

29
Q

Which lines of defence are specific/non-specific?

A

Non-specific – 1 and 2

Specific – 3

30
Q

Define 4 characteristics of the innate immune system.

A

Acts quickly, recognises broad range of pathogens, non-specific, and has no memory.

31
Q

Define 4 characteristics of the acquired/adaptive immune system.

A

Develops slowly after first exposure, very rapid response to subsequent exposures, very specific, has memory.

32
Q

Name 7 features of skin that makes it an effective barrier.

A 
Thick layer of keratinocytes
Shedding
Dryness
Mild acidity
Competing resident flora
Oily – protective
If penetrated, skin associated lymphoid tissue underneath
33
Q

Name 2 features of mucous membranes that make it an effective barrier.

A

Epithelium and mucus both resist penetration.

Antimicrobial secretions - lysozyme.

34
Q

How do mucosal associated lymphoid tissue aid the immune system (2)?

A

M cells are interspersed with epithelial cells. They sample pathogens, and deliver to the MALT below.
Also secrete IgA, which binds to pathogens in the lumen, preventing passage across the membrane.

35
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation.

A

Redness
Warmth
Swelling
Pain

36
Q

How are neutrophils induced to enter tissue?

A

Injured cells release chemical signals, activating selectins on the inner lining of capillaries.
Neutrophils roll along the inner lining, and encounter them, inducing them to enter tissue.

37
Q

What causes the warmth, redness, and swelling in inflamed tissue?

A

Blood vessel dilation and leaking capillaries.

38
Q

What causes pus formation?

A

Polymorphs and granulocytes passing through diapedesis.

39
Q

Define extravasation.

A

Migration out of the capillary to the site of injury.

40
Q

What causes pain during inflammation?

A

Swelling pushing on nerves.

41
Q

What role does inflammation have with pH levels, and what does this activate and eventually result in?

A

Inflammatory mediators released by injured cells decrease pH. This activates bradykinin, which in turn activates mast cells. They release histamines, a powerful inflammation mediator.

42
Q

Define chronic inflammation.

A

Inflammation persisting 2 weeks or longer.

43
Q

What can cause chronic inflammation, and how?

A

Persistence of bacteria. Granulomas form due to continual infiltration of cells, resulting in cell damage.

44
Q

Define granuloma.

A

A mass packed with dying macrophages and lymphocytes. Upon death, they release more enzymes, causing further harm.

Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics (24 decks)

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