Immunology Lecture 7_Accute and Chronic Inflamation

Question 1

What does swelling initiate the flux of?

Answer 1

• Neutrophils
• Complements
• Opsonins
• Antibodies

Question 2

What adverse mechanical effects can swelling cause

Answer 2

Blocked airway, reduced blood flow to an area, pressure on the brain

Question 3

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

1) Fever
2) Swelling (edema)
3) Erythema (redness)
4) Pain
5) Loss of function

Question 4

What are the three main cytokines in the accute inflamation response

Answer 4

IL1, IL6, TNF-alpha

Question 5

What three responces do the inflamatory cytokines trigger

Answer 5

Trigger fever and pain response from the brain, trigger the liver to produce complement protein not make albumin and sequester iron, and trigger the bone marrow to increase hematopoiesis

Question 6

Describe C-reactive proteins (CRP) and what happens to them during infection

Answer 6

CRPs are a protein that is produced by the liver that helps activate the complement pathway. Durring infection the level of CRP can increase 1000 times. Checking CRP levels is a useful clinical test.

Question 7

Describe the erythrocyte sedementation rate (ESR) during infection

Answer 7

Because of the increase in accute phase proteins (fibrinogen) red blood cells settle out faster during an inflamation response.

Question 8

What is the importance of inflammasomes and the clinical significance of their inhibition

Answer 8

Inflamisomes activate IL1 thus leading to inflammation. Inhibiting inflamisomes can help reduce swelling which is beificial in cases of chronic inflamation like artheritis

Question 9

deficiency in selectins and integrins causes what?

Answer 9

Prevents neutraphils from exiting the blood and entering the tissue. This causes neutrophilia in the tissue and neutropinia in the blood.

Question 10

What is the hallmark of chronic inflamation?

Answer 10

The presence of macrophages and lymphocytes but no neutraphils

Question 11

Define granulomatous inflamation

Answer 11

When the body cannot kill an infectious element, it will form a granuloma. A ganuloma is essentially a wall of tissue built around the infectiouse agent by macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells

Question 12

What causes chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 12

This is when the body creates excessive granulomas. This is a result of defective lysosomes in macrophages. This can sometimes be treated by injecting purified IFN-gamma which increases the ROS charicteristic of macrophages.