Immunology lecture 3 (How to eliminate pathogens that live outside of the cell)

Question 1

Function of lymph nodes in the immune response?

Answer 1

They drain parts of the body (often damaged tissue) and detect infection

Question 2

During an infection or cut where do dendritic cells go and why?

Answer 2

They go to the draining lymph node so that they can engulf the pathogen and present it on its MHC molecule to B cells and T cells

Question 3

When a pathogen targets the blood and lymph interstitial space which immune response is activated? What component of the immune system does this involve?

Answer 3

The humoral response

Antibodies

Complement

Phagocytosis

Question 4

When a pathogen targets the Epithelial surfaces which immune response is activated?

Answer 4

Antibodies (IgA)

Antimicrobial peptides

Question 5

When a pathogen targets the Cytoplasmic intracellular space which immune response is activated?

Answer 5

Cytotoxic T cells
NK cells
(death to the cell)

Question 6

When a pathogen targets the Vesicular intracellular space which immune response is activated?

Answer 6

T cell-dependent
macrophage
activation

Question 7

Describe the humoral immune response and name i 4 of its components

Answer 7

Antibody mediated immunity
With help from helper T cells B cells differentiate in plasma cells- plasma cells secrete antibodies
Deals with antigens (pathogens) which are freely circulating
Involves any immune component which can act in or is secreted into the bodies fluids
Components
1. Antibodies
2. Complement
3. phagocytosis (when a pathogen is covered in antibodies or peptides it is easier to engulf)
4. Antimicrobial peptides

Question 8

Which bacteria causes Whooping cough?

Answer 8

Bordetella pertussis

Question 9

Which bacteria causes Lyme Disease?

Answer 9

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 10

Which bacteria causes Severe diarrhoea?

Answer 10

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 11

Which bacteria causes Tetanus?

Answer 11

Clostridium tetani

Question 12

Which bacteria causes Diphtheria

Answer 12

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 13

Which bacteria causes UTIs / diarrhoea

Answer 13

Escherichia coli

Question 14

Which bacteria causes Meningitis?

Answer 14

Haemophilius influenzae

Question 15

Which bacteria causes Dysentery

Answer 15

Shigella sonnei

Question 16

Which bacteria causes Skin infections

Answer 16

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 17

Which bacteria causes Scarlet fever

Answer 17

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 18

Which bacteria causes cholerae

Answer 18

Vibrio cholerae

Question 19

Which bacteria causes

Bubonic plague

Answer 19

Yersinia pestis

Question 20

Name the 6 types of worms which cause disease

Answer 20

Tapeworms
Whipworms
Hookworms
Pinworms
Roundworms (nematodes)
Flukes

Question 21

Name all the different isotypes for Anibodies

Answer 21

IgM
IgD
IgG
IgA
IgE

Question 22

What is FC and Fab in relation to antibodies?

Answer 22

Fc- constant region

Fab- variable region

Question 23

How many different combinations are there for the mixing and matching of heavy and light chain gene segments in B cell receptors?

Answer 23

375 million

Question 24

Which antibodies form monomers, which form dimers and which form pentameters?

Answer 24

Monomer- IgD,IgE, IgG
Dimer- IgA (2 antibody molecules)
Pentameter- IgM (5 antibody molecules)

Question 25

5 functions of antibodies

Answer 25

1. Neutralisation
2. Agglutination
3. Opsonisation
4. Killing (antibody- dependant cell killing)
5. Activate complement

Question 26

What do B cells do when you have a repeat infection?

Where does this happen?

Answer 26

B cells make antibodies with a better fit to the antigen. This occurs in the germinal centres in lumyph nodes and spleen

Question 27

Function of complement proteins?

Answer 27

Proteins located in the blood/ body fluids.
When in contact with bacteria they activate, bind to bacteria form a complex which creates a pore within the bacteria and lysis it