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Immunology > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most extreme immune system disorder? What causes it?

A

SCID- Sever combined immune deficiency Caused by lack of lymphocytes

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2
Q

What is the main characteristics of SCIDS?

A

Recurrent bacterial, viral or fungal infections which are more serious and less responsive to treatment

Can also have chronic diarrhoea

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3
Q

What is the treatment for SCID’S?

A

Bone marrow transplant to replace the immune system

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4
Q

Describe the stem cell pathway for B and T cell production? What type of immunity do these cells provide?

A

Pluripotent stem cell—-lymphoid stem cells— B and T cells

Provides adaptive immunity

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5
Q

Describe the stem cell pathway for the production of esiniohils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and megacaryocytes. What type of immunity do they provide?

A

Pluripotent stem cell—–myloblast—-

Esinophilic myleocyte- Esinophils

Basophilic myleocyte- Basophils

Monocyte progenitor- Monocytes

Granulocyte progenitor- Granulocytes

Megakaryocytes

They provide innate immunity

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6
Q

What does the activation of B cells and T cells lead them to produce?

A

B cells- Memory B cells and antibodies

T cells - CD8 cytotoxic

CD4 Helper

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7
Q

Where in the body are B cells and T cells made? What is the group name for these locations?

A

T cells- Thymus

B cells- Bone marrow

Together they are called primary lymphoid tissues

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8
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues? Name all 6 locations

A

where T cells and B cells interact with each other and nonlymphoid cells to generate immune responses to antigens

  1. Tonsisl
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Liver
  4. Spleen
  5. Payers patch on small intestine
  6. Appendix
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9
Q

How does the immune system recognise pathogens?

A

Responds to non self componenets

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10
Q

Describe an antigen based on the immune system. What is the difference between a self and foreighn antigen?

A

Anything which causes an adaptive immune responce. Binds to specific receptors on immune cells.

Self antigen- immune system responds (attacks) to self

Foreign antigen- When atigen is not from self (external) sources

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11
Q

How do immune cells respond to foreign molecules?

A

They Use receptors

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12
Q

Describe and name the receptors located on T cells and B cells

A

They are both antigen specific (recognise fragments of antigens) and ignore self molecules. Thye first need to undergo cell division before taking effect

B cells- BcR receptors- The antigen receptor is an antibody

T cells- TcR receptors

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13
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

Anything that provokes an immune responce

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14
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Anything recognised by cells and molcules of the immne responce

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15
Q

What is a determinanat?

A

The part of an antigen recognised by the immune system

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16
Q

Describe the term specificity in terms of the immune system

A

Specificity refers to how well a receptor recognises its determinant (antigen)

A receptor is very specific when it requires a close fit to its determinant

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17
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRR)? What do they recognise?

A

They are receptors located on antigen presenting cells (phagocytes, macrophages, dendritice cells).

They regonise PAMPS- pathogen assoctaited molecular patterns

They recognise DAMPS- damage associated molecular pattersn

18
Q

What are Fc receptors? What do they mediate?

A

Recetors found on the surface of phagocytes which bind to the constant heavy chain region on antibodies.

They mediate opsonisation

19
Q

When the skin is compromised what do skin macrophages and neutraphils do?

A

The resident skin macrophages recognise bacteria using toll like receptors. They make cytokines (TNFa and IL-1B) which act on edothelial cells lining the blood vessels making them for sticky.

This causes neutraphils to stick onto the blood vessels and migrate to the site of infection then phagocytose the bacteria.

20
Q

During inflammation reactions, which white blood cells are first to act?

A

Neutrophils and resident macrohpages

21
Q

Describe what PAMP’s are (pathogen associated molecular patterns). Which part of pathogens can be described as PAMPS?

A

Components of bacteria and viruses which the human cells don’t have, hence the body identifies them as foreign.

For bacteria is it features of the cell wall and bacteria DNA and plasmid

For viruses it is the caspid and envelope of viruses plus viral DNA and RNA

22
Q

What are Toll like receptors? Where are the located?

A

Molecules on the surface of phagocytes (mammalian cells) which regonise PAMP’s for bacteria and viruses and alert the immune system of this

Located on all cells especially phagocytes and epithelial cells

23
Q

What does TLR2 recognise?

A

Lipoproteins

Lipoarabinomannan

Lipopolysaccharides (Leptospira)

LPS (P. gingivalis)

Peptidoglycans (Gram-positive)

Zymosan (Yeast)

GPI anchor (T. cruzi)

24
Q

What does TLR4 recognise?

A

LPS (Gram-negative)

F protein (RS virus)

25
Q

What does TLR5 recognise?

A

Flagella

26
Q

What does TLR9 recognise?

A

CpG DNA

27
Q

What does TLR7 recognise?

A

Double stranded viral DNA

28
Q

What do toll like receptors produce when activated?

A

Pro-inflammatoyr cytokines

29
Q

What is a spot?

A

Inflammation and tissue injury caused by white blood cells leaving the blood and entering a follicle to kill skin bacteria growing in the wrong place

30
Q

What is inflammation? What is damaged during inflammation?

A

The responce of vascularised tissue to damage. White blood cell leave the blood, move into the tissues and eliminate the pathogens but also cause the destruction of normal tissues.

31
Q

When neutraphils attack a pathogen it dies and releases toxic molecules, what are these molcecules? Do the only damage the pathogen?

A

Q1. Free radicals

Neutrophil elastase

Neutrophil collagenase

Myeloperoxidase

Gelatinases

Anti-bacterial peptides

Cytokines

Q2, They damage pathogens and host cells

Q.3 Produced by granuoles in the neutraphils

32
Q

What is the cause if ulcerative collitus?

A

Neutrophils enter the gut wall casuing the formation of cypts. They are superficial and organ specific

33
Q

Which form of immunity kicks in first eliminates most of the infeciouse agent? When does the other form of immunity kick in?

A

Innate immunity removes 99.9% of infectious agent within the first few hours of infection.

Adaptive immunity kicks in within 3-4 days

34
Q

Are babies born with T and B cells? If yes why may they not be very effective?

A

Yes-

They recognise harmful non self pathogens but there isnt many of them.

Only have a few cells can recognise each individual antigen of which there are many.

35
Q

What happens when B cell is activated?

A

Clonal expassion- It multiplies very quickly- dependant on T cells

They make antibodies- plasma cells

They make memory cells

36
Q

What happens when a T cell becomes activated?

A

Clonal expansion- (fast division)- Controlled by IL 2

Produces memory cells

Mediates immunity

37
Q

Which molecule us required for the clonal expasion of T cells

A

IL2

38
Q

How did Edward Jenner contribute to immunology?

A

Noticed milk maids who caught cow pox did not get small pox.

Scraped fluid from a cow pox blister into the skin of an 8yr- the child become immune to both cow pox and small pox

39
Q

What type of cells are made after a vaccine?

A

Lymphocytes specific to the pthogen is made

vaccine memory cells are also made

40
Q

How do cells know where they are and whats around them?

A

All cells contain receptors for different things?

Extracellular matrix

Hormones and chemical messengers

Other cells

when receptors are ligated transmit signals from the cell surface go to the nucleus to gene expression and function

41
Q

How are autoimmune conditions treated? Give drug examples

A

They are treated with

Drugs that inhibit the immune

system or antibodies that target the immune molecules

causing the damage ( monoclonal antibodies)

Remicade, Humira-anti-TNF alpha antibody

Stelara- anti-IL-12/23 antibody

Vedolizumab-antialpha 4 beta 7 integrin antibody

Immunology (6 decks)

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