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Medical Microbiology > Immunology (Innate immunity) > Flashcards

Immunology (Innate immunity) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two elements of the innate immune response?

A

Anatomic and physiological
Phagocytic and cytotoxic

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2
Q

What are the two elements of the adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral (B lymphocytes)

Cell-mediated (T lymphocytes)

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3
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cell
Macrophages
B cells

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4
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell

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5
Q

What cells are capable of phagocytosis (phagocytic cells)?

A

Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

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6
Q

What cells are responsible for inflammatory response?

A

Basophil
Mast cell

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7
Q

What are the cells that carry out cell-mediated immunity?

A

Natural killer cell
T cell

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8
Q

What cells carry out antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Plasma cell

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9
Q

Cells of adaptive immunity

A

T cell
Plasma cell

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10
Q

Cells of innate immunity

A

Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell
Natural killer cell

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the immune system?

A

Rapid response mechanism
Exquisite specificity
Adaptability
Intricate regulatory network
Memory

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12
Q

T/F. Innate immune response is characterized by a rapid but not long lasting immune response.

A

T

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13
Q

Characteristics of innate immune response.

A

First line of defense
Rapid
Non specific
Lacks immunologic memory

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14
Q

This component of the innate immune response functions primarily in limiting attachment and invasion

A

Barrier function

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14
Q

Characteristics of the adaptive immune response.

A

Specific for pathogens
Immunity to reinfection

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15
Q

What are the different mechanisms of barrier functions?

A

Epithelial cell layer: tight junction, antimicrobial peptides (lysozyme and defensin) and cilia

Mucus: Mucins, proteins, proteases, and proteases inhibitors

Acidic pH

Proteolytic enzymes

Fatty acids

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16
Q

Besides barrier functions, what are the other mechanisms for innate immunity?

A

Microbial sensors

Cellular components and phagocytosis

Natural killer cells

Complement system

Mediators of inflammations and interferons

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17
Q

These are type 1 transmembrane proteins whose activation leads to cellular activation and cytokine release.

A

Toll-like receptors

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18
Q

This type of TLR engages dsRNA in viral replication

A

TLR3

18
Q

This type of TLR engages lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria.

A

TLR2

19
Q

This type of TLR engages LPS of Gram-negative bacteria.

A

TLR4

20
Q

This type of TLR engages bacterial flagellin.

A

TLR5

21
Q

This microbial sensor is located in cytoplasm and functions as intracellular sensor for microbial
products. It activates NF-kappaB pathway and drives inflammatory response.

A

NOD-like receptor (NLRs)

21
Q

This microbial sensor functions as a cytoplasmic sensors of viral ssRNA. It triggers production of type I interferons (INF) that inhibits viral activation.

A

RIG-1-like helicases and Melanoma Differentiation- Associated protein 5 (MDA5)

21
Q

What are the phagocytic processes?

A

Chemotaxis
Migration
Ingestion
Microbial killing

22
Q

These are cytokine and chemokine signals that allow phagocytes to migrate into sites of infection.

A

Chemoattractants

23
Q

What are the phagocytosis antimicrobial mechanisms?

A

Acidification of phagosomes
Generation of toxic oxygen-derived products
Production of nitrogen oxides
Generation of antimicrobial peptides
Opsonization

24
Q

T/F. Macrophages can produce cathelicidin only, while neutrophils can produce cathelicidin, defensin, and lactoferricin.

A

True

25
Q

These are large granular lymphocytes related to T cells which provides protection against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.

A

Natural killer cells

26
Q

What are the two cytotoxic products of NK cells?

A

Granzymes and perforin

27
Q

What are the surface receptors present in NK cells?

A

Lectin-like NK cell receptors for protein ligands
Killer immunoglobulin-like (KIRs) for MHC Class I molecules

28
Q

T/F. NK cells can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

A

T

29
Q

What are the three pathways of complement system.

A

Alternative
Lectin
Classical

30
Q

This complement pathway is triggered by C3b proteins binding to microbial invaders.

A

Alternative

30
Q

This complement pathway is triggered by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binding to microbial invaders.

A

Lectin pathway

31
Q

This complement pathway is triggered by antibodies binding to microbial invaders.

A

Classical pathway

32
Q

In this effector function of the complement cascade, C3a and C5a induce changes that contribute to local vascular permeability and attract phagocytes.

A

inflammatory response

33
Q

In this effector function of the complement cascade, C3b binds to microbial cells functioning as an opsonin.

A

Opsonization

34
Q

In this effector function of the complement cascade, C5b combines with other complement proteins to form membrane attack complexes that insert into cell membranes.

A

Lysis of foreign cells

35
Q

These are soluble mediators of inflammation.

A

Cytokines

36
Q

Provides an example of an inflammatory cytokine.

A

TNF-alpha

37
Q

Provides an example of an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

A

IL-I8

38
Q

Provides an example of a chemokine.

A

Prostaglandin

39
Q

What are the different cytokines?

A

Inflammatory (TNF-alpha)
Anti-inflammatory (IL-I8)
Chemokines (prostaglandins)
Adhesion molecules
Interferons

40
Q

These cytokines are produced specifically against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.

A

Interferons

41
Q

This type of interferon are specifically produced against viral pathogens.

A

Type I interferon

42
Q

Type type of interferon activates T cells and NK cells.

A

Type Ii interferon

Medical Microbiology (9 decks)

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