Immunology (Innate immunity) Flashcards
What are the two elements of the innate immune response?
Anatomic and physiological
Phagocytic and cytotoxic
What are the two elements of the adaptive immune response?
Humoral (B lymphocytes)
Cell-mediated (T lymphocytes)
What are the antigen presenting cells?
Dendritic cell
Macrophages
B cells
What are the granulocytes?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell
What cells are capable of phagocytosis (phagocytic cells)?
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
What cells are responsible for inflammatory response?
Basophil
Mast cell
What are the cells that carry out cell-mediated immunity?
Natural killer cell
T cell
What cells carry out antibody-mediated immunity?
Plasma cell
Cells of adaptive immunity
T cell
Plasma cell
Cells of innate immunity
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell
Natural killer cell
What are the characteristics of the immune system?
Rapid response mechanism
Exquisite specificity
Adaptability
Intricate regulatory network
Memory
T/F. Innate immune response is characterized by a rapid but not long lasting immune response.
T
Characteristics of innate immune response.
First line of defense
Rapid
Non specific
Lacks immunologic memory
This component of the innate immune response functions primarily in limiting attachment and invasion
Barrier function
Characteristics of the adaptive immune response.
Specific for pathogens
Immunity to reinfection
What are the different mechanisms of barrier functions?
Epithelial cell layer: tight junction, antimicrobial peptides (lysozyme and defensin) and cilia
Mucus: Mucins, proteins, proteases, and proteases inhibitors
Acidic pH
Proteolytic enzymes
Fatty acids
Besides barrier functions, what are the other mechanisms for innate immunity?
Microbial sensors
Cellular components and phagocytosis
Natural killer cells
Complement system
Mediators of inflammations and interferons
These are type 1 transmembrane proteins whose activation leads to cellular activation and cytokine release.
Toll-like receptors
This type of TLR engages dsRNA in viral replication
TLR3
This type of TLR engages lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria.
TLR2
This type of TLR engages LPS of Gram-negative bacteria.
TLR4
This type of TLR engages bacterial flagellin.
TLR5
This microbial sensor is located in cytoplasm and functions as intracellular sensor for microbial
products. It activates NF-kappaB pathway and drives inflammatory response.
NOD-like receptor (NLRs)
This microbial sensor functions as a cytoplasmic sensors of viral ssRNA. It triggers production of type I interferons (INF) that inhibits viral activation.
RIG-1-like helicases and Melanoma Differentiation- Associated protein 5 (MDA5)
What are the phagocytic processes?
Chemotaxis
Migration
Ingestion
Microbial killing
These are cytokine and chemokine signals that allow phagocytes to migrate into sites of infection.
Chemoattractants
What are the phagocytosis antimicrobial mechanisms?
Acidification of phagosomes
Generation of toxic oxygen-derived products
Production of nitrogen oxides
Generation of antimicrobial peptides
Opsonization
T/F. Macrophages can produce cathelicidin only, while neutrophils can produce cathelicidin, defensin, and lactoferricin.
True
These are large granular lymphocytes related to T cells which provides protection against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.
Natural killer cells
What are the two cytotoxic products of NK cells?
Granzymes and perforin
What are the surface receptors present in NK cells?
Lectin-like NK cell receptors for protein ligands
Killer immunoglobulin-like (KIRs) for MHC Class I molecules
T/F. NK cells can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
T
What are the three pathways of complement system.
Alternative
Lectin
Classical
This complement pathway is triggered by C3b proteins binding to microbial invaders.
Alternative
This complement pathway is triggered by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binding to microbial invaders.
Lectin pathway
This complement pathway is triggered by antibodies binding to microbial invaders.
Classical pathway
In this effector function of the complement cascade, C3a and C5a induce changes that contribute to local vascular permeability and attract phagocytes.
inflammatory response
In this effector function of the complement cascade, C3b binds to microbial cells functioning as an opsonin.
Opsonization
In this effector function of the complement cascade, C5b combines with other complement proteins to form membrane attack complexes that insert into cell membranes.
Lysis of foreign cells
These are soluble mediators of inflammation.
Cytokines
Provides an example of an inflammatory cytokine.
TNF-alpha
Provides an example of an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
IL-I8
Provides an example of a chemokine.
Prostaglandin
What are the different cytokines?
Inflammatory (TNF-alpha)
Anti-inflammatory (IL-I8)
Chemokines (prostaglandins)
Adhesion molecules
Interferons
These cytokines are produced specifically against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.
Interferons
This type of interferon are specifically produced against viral pathogens.
Type I interferon
Type type of interferon activates T cells and NK cells.
Type Ii interferon
