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BSC > Immunology - Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Immunology - Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are included in the innate IS

A

phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)
dendritic cells
NK cells
mast cells

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2
Q

What are the crossover roles with the adaptive IS

A

complement
cytokines
hypersensitivity reactions

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3
Q

What are the innate barriers?

A

skin
mucosa
saliva
sebaceous glands
hair

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4
Q

what proteins are found in the saliva?

A

mucin
enzymes (lysozymes, lactoferin, peroxidases)
immunoglobulins (esp. IgA)

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5
Q

what small organic molecules are found in saliva?

A

AA
creatinine
glucose
lipids
nitrogen
urea
uric acid

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6
Q

What hormones are found in saliva?

A

cortisol
estriol
estradiol
thyroxin
testosterone

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7
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

lubrication & protection
buffering (HCO3-)
antibacterial

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8
Q

What are the tonsils?

A

aggregates of lymphoid nodules under the epithelial lining at the entrance to the digestive and respiratory tract

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9
Q

What are the tonsils heavily infiltrated with?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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10
Q

What is included in the Waldyer’s ring?

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
tubal tonsils (bilateral)
palatine tonsil (bilateral)
lingual tonsil (lymphoid tissue on base of the tongue)

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11
Q

interstitial fluid is absorbed in a ______ way fashion

A

one way

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12
Q

Where are microbial antigens deposited in the lymphatic system? What does this cause?

A

Into lymph nodes
stimulates adaptive IS

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13
Q

What are lymph nodes the hub for?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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14
Q

What is lymph node swelling called? What is this indicative of?

A

Lymphadenopathy
- inflammation
- Cancer

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15
Q

What are some features of the nasopharynx that help keep pathogens from infecting us?

A

nasal hair
turbinates
mucociliary secretions
coughing and sneezing

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16
Q

What secretion is associated with the nasopharynx?

A

IgA

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17
Q

What are features of the oropharynx that help keep pathogens from infecting us?

A

saliva
sloughing epithelial cells
interference of local flora
local complement production

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18
Q

What are features of the digestive tract that help keep pathogens from infecting us?

A

Esophagus (immune cells, mucous, sloughing epithelial cells)
stomach acid

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19
Q

Describe the spleen. What does it do?

A

highly vascularized
removes aging and damaged RBCs
initiates adaptive immune response

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20
Q

What are 3 granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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21
Q

Where do leukocytes come from?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

Where is bone marrow mostly found?

A

Vertebral and pelvis

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23
Q

Most abundant WBC?
Most rare WBC?

A

Abundant: Neutrophils
Rare: Basophils

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24
Q

What is the significance of the thymus? What happens to it over time?

A

Critical in development of T-lymphocytes
Involutes over time

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25
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

ingest and destroy microbes, remove damaged tissue, recruit cells to sites of infection, communicate via cytokines

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26
Q

Are macrophages APCs? If so, what cell do they present to?

A

Yes
T-lymphocytes

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27
Q

What class MHC are macrophages

A

Class II MHC

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28
Q

What are the primary cells of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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29
Q

What is found inside the granules of neutrophils?

A

Histamine

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30
Q

How long do neutrophils stay at the site of infection? If neutrophils are found near an infection, is this a new or old infection?

A

1-2 days

New infection

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31
Q

Which WBC opsonize microbes to then be phagocytized?

A

neutrophils

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32
Q

what do neutrophils do to immobilize and kill microbes, but are also harmful to host tissues

A

they make neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

33
Q

where are mast cells primarily found

A

Skin and mucosal epithelium

34
Q

What do mast cells do once activated?

A

Release many potent inflammatory mediators

35
Q

What do mast cells help defend against

A

Helminthic parasites

36
Q

What symptoms are associated with mast cells

A

allergic disease from release of histamine

37
Q

What is contained in the granules in mast cells?

A

histamine

38
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Causes vascular permeability and vasodilation
causes contraction of intestinal and bronchial smooth muscle

39
Q

Difference between basophils and mast cells

A

different progenitor cell line
Less basophils in tissues that are ready for action compared to mast cells
basophils can bind IgE and help destroy parasites

40
Q

Eosinophil granules contain an enzyme that is harmful to what?

A

cell walls of parasites, also damages host tissue

41
Q

Elevated eosinophils raises suspicion for what infection?

A

Parasitic

42
Q

Eosinophils release _____ , which plays a role in allergy response

A

histamine

43
Q

Where can eosinophils be found?

A

Bone narrow –> blood circulation
resident tissues: Mucosa lining

44
Q

What causes eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

A

Over production of Eos caused by an environmental or food allergen

45
Q

Where can dendritic cells be found?

A

Lymphoid tissue (Waldyer’s ring and lymph nodules)
Mucosal epithelium

46
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Detect microbes, capture microbial protein and relay info to T cells to initiate adaptive immune response

47
Q

What type of granules do langerhans cells in the epidermis have?

A

Birbeck granules

48
Q

Describe how birbeck granules appear on electron microscopy

A

Tennis racquet shaped granules

49
Q

Are dendritic cells APCs? If so, what do they present to?

A

Yes, they are class II MHC to T cells

50
Q

What cells are the APCs

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

51
Q

What lineage do NK cells come from? What is different about NK cells lineage?

A

Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are adaptive immune cells but NK cells are innate

52
Q

Which innate immune cells are granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

53
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Kill infected cells
cytotoxic activity (against viruses and intracellular bacteria)

54
Q

What does low amount of MHC I on the surface of a cell trigger?

A

Destruction

55
Q

Do NK cells produce cytokines?

A

Yes

56
Q

What is a strategy that viruses and cancers can use to evade the immune response with reg. to MHC I

A

Maintaining the amount of MHC I on the cell surface

57
Q

What granzyme do NK cells have? What does this cause?

A

Perforin
Apoptosis

58
Q

Where are NK cells found

A

Circulating in blood
Mucosal tissue

59
Q

What is human leukocyte antigen?

A

Human version of MHC

60
Q

when do we use HLA? MHC?

A

HLA: DNA level (more specific way to describe antigen)
MHC: Broad category of the protein level (more generic)

61
Q

Do all vertebrates have MHC?

A

Yes

62
Q

the MHC/HLA gene is a locus on chromosome ___ that codes for the MHC/HLA proteins

A

6

63
Q

MHC/HLA genes are expressed ________.

A

Codominatly

64
Q

Define MHC molecules

A

proteins that are derived from the genes and now are displayed on the cell surface

65
Q

What expresses MHC class I

A

all nucleated cells (so not erythrocytes/rbcs because they are not nucleated)

66
Q

What expresses MHC class II

A

ONLY Antigen presenting cells

67
Q

When is HLA typing important?

A

Organ and bone marrow transplant

68
Q

What can HLA help to diagnose?

A

autoimmune diseaes

69
Q

What is the complement system?

A

approx. 60 plasma proteins (circulating in the blood) working in a cascade for large amplification

70
Q

what does the complement system (membrane attack complex MAC) do?

A

opsonize microbes
recruit phagocytes
directly kills microbes (lysis)

71
Q

What is the primary protein of the complement system

A

C3

72
Q

what is the product of an activated complement system?

A

increase inflammatory response
opsonization/phagocytosis
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

73
Q

What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

formation of a membrane pore resulting in lysis of the targeted cell

74
Q

what can the complement pathway activation result in?

A

angioedema (swelling of soft tissue)

75
Q

alterations in the amount of circulating complement can be found in many…..

A

autoimmune diseases

76
Q

what are cytokines mainly produced by?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, t cells

77
Q

Define:
Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine

A

Paracrine: release to effect nearby cells
Autocrine: Hormone acts on the same cell that produced it
Endocrine: Release into the bloodstream to effect distant cells

78
Q

What are the roles of cytokines?

A

-inducing inflammation
-inhibiting viral replication
-promoting t-cell response
-limiting innate immune responses

BSC (3 decks)

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