Immunology - Innate Immune System

Question 1

What cells are included in the innate IS

Answer 1

phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)
dendritic cells
NK cells
mast cells

Question 2

What are the crossover roles with the adaptive IS

Answer 2

complement
cytokines
hypersensitivity reactions

Question 3

What are the innate barriers?

Answer 3

skin
mucosa
saliva
sebaceous glands
hair

Question 4

what proteins are found in the saliva?

Answer 4

mucin
enzymes (lysozymes, lactoferin, peroxidases)
immunoglobulins (esp. IgA)

Question 5

what small organic molecules are found in saliva?

Answer 5

AA
creatinine
glucose
lipids
nitrogen
urea
uric acid

Question 6

What hormones are found in saliva?

Answer 6

cortisol
estriol
estradiol
thyroxin
testosterone

Question 7

What are the functions of saliva?

Answer 7

lubrication & protection
buffering (HCO3-)
antibacterial

Question 8

What are the tonsils?

Answer 8

aggregates of lymphoid nodules under the epithelial lining at the entrance to the digestive and respiratory tract

Question 9

What are the tonsils heavily infiltrated with?

Answer 9

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 10

What is included in the Waldyer’s ring?

Answer 10

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
tubal tonsils (bilateral)
palatine tonsil (bilateral)
lingual tonsil (lymphoid tissue on base of the tongue)

Question 11

interstitial fluid is absorbed in a ______ way fashion

Answer 11

one way

Question 12

Where are microbial antigens deposited in the lymphatic system? What does this cause?

Answer 12

Into lymph nodes
stimulates adaptive IS

Question 13

What are lymph nodes the hub for?

Answer 13

B and T lymphocytes

Question 14

What is lymph node swelling called? What is this indicative of?

Answer 14

Lymphadenopathy
- inflammation
- Cancer

Question 15

What are some features of the nasopharynx that help keep pathogens from infecting us?

Answer 15

nasal hair
turbinates
mucociliary secretions
coughing and sneezing

Question 16

What secretion is associated with the nasopharynx?

Answer 16

IgA

Question 17

What are features of the oropharynx that help keep pathogens from infecting us?

Answer 17

saliva
sloughing epithelial cells
interference of local flora
local complement production

Question 18

What are features of the digestive tract that help keep pathogens from infecting us?

Answer 18

Esophagus (immune cells, mucous, sloughing epithelial cells)
stomach acid

Question 19

Describe the spleen. What does it do?

Answer 19

highly vascularized
removes aging and damaged RBCs
initiates adaptive immune response

Question 20

What are 3 granular leukocytes

Answer 20

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 21

Where do leukocytes come from?

Answer 21

Bone marrow

Question 22

Where is bone marrow mostly found?

Answer 22

Vertebral and pelvis

Question 23

Most abundant WBC?
Most rare WBC?

Answer 23

Abundant: Neutrophils
Rare: Basophils

Question 24

What is the significance of the thymus? What happens to it over time?

Answer 24

Critical in development of T-lymphocytes
Involutes over time

Question 25

What do phagocytes do?

Answer 25

ingest and destroy microbes, remove damaged tissue, recruit cells to sites of infection, communicate via cytokines

Question 26

Are macrophages APCs? If so, what cell do they present to?

Answer 26

Yes T-lymphocytes

Question 27

What class MHC are macrophages

Answer 27

Class II MHC

Question 28

What are the primary cells of acute inflammation?

Answer 28

Neutrophils

Question 29

What is found inside the granules of neutrophils?

Answer 29

Histamine

Question 30

How long do neutrophils stay at the site of infection? If neutrophils are found near an infection, is this a new or old infection?

Answer 30

1-2 days New infection

Question 31

Which WBC opsonize microbes to then be phagocytized?

Answer 31

neutrophils

Question 32

what do neutrophils do to immobilize and kill microbes, but are also harmful to host tissues

Answer 32

they make neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

Question 33

where are mast cells primarily found

Answer 33

Skin and mucosal epithelium

Question 34

What do mast cells do once activated?

Answer 34

Release many potent inflammatory mediators

Question 35

What do mast cells help defend against

Answer 35

Helminthic parasites

Question 36

What symptoms are associated with mast cells

Answer 36

allergic disease from release of histamine

Question 37

What is contained in the granules in mast cells?

Answer 37

histamine

Question 38

What does histamine do?

Answer 38

Causes vascular permeability and vasodilation causes contraction of intestinal and bronchial smooth muscle

Question 39

Difference between basophils and mast cells

Answer 39

different progenitor cell line Less basophils in tissues that are ready for action compared to mast cells basophils can bind IgE and help destroy parasites

Question 40

Eosinophil granules contain an enzyme that is harmful to what?

Answer 40

cell walls of parasites, also damages host tissue

Question 41

Elevated eosinophils raises suspicion for what infection?

Answer 41

Parasitic

Question 42

Eosinophils release _____ , which plays a role in allergy response

Answer 42

histamine

Question 43

Where can eosinophils be found?

Answer 43

Bone narrow --> blood circulation resident tissues: Mucosa lining

Question 44

What causes eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

Answer 44

Over production of Eos caused by an environmental or food allergen

Question 45

Where can dendritic cells be found?

Answer 45

Lymphoid tissue (Waldyer's ring and lymph nodules) Mucosal epithelium

Question 46

What do dendritic cells do?

Answer 46

Detect microbes, capture microbial protein and relay info to T cells to initiate adaptive immune response

Question 47

What type of granules do langerhans cells in the epidermis have?

Answer 47

Birbeck granules

Question 48

Describe how birbeck granules appear on electron microscopy

Answer 48

Tennis racquet shaped granules

Question 49

Are dendritic cells APCs? If so, what do they present to?

Answer 49

Yes, they are class II MHC to T cells

Question 50

What cells are the APCs

Answer 50

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Question 51

What lineage do NK cells come from? What is different about NK cells lineage?

Answer 51

Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are adaptive immune cells but NK cells are innate

Question 52

Which innate immune cells are granulocytes?

Answer 52

Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

Question 53

What is the function of NK cells?

Answer 53

Kill infected cells cytotoxic activity (against viruses and intracellular bacteria)

Question 54

What does low amount of MHC I on the surface of a cell trigger?

Answer 54

Destruction

Question 55

Do NK cells produce cytokines?

Answer 55

Yes

Question 56

What is a strategy that viruses and cancers can use to evade the immune response with reg. to MHC I

Answer 56

Maintaining the amount of MHC I on the cell surface

Question 57

What granzyme do NK cells have? What does this cause?

Answer 57

Perforin Apoptosis

Question 58

Where are NK cells found

Answer 58

Circulating in blood Mucosal tissue

Question 59

What is human leukocyte antigen?

Answer 59

Human version of MHC

Question 60

when do we use HLA? MHC?

Answer 60

HLA: DNA level (more specific way to describe antigen) MHC: Broad category of the protein level (more generic)

Question 61

Do all vertebrates have MHC?

Answer 61

Yes

Question 62

the MHC/HLA gene is a locus on chromosome ___ that codes for the MHC/HLA proteins

Answer 62

6

Question 63

MHC/HLA genes are expressed ________.

Answer 63

Codominatly

Question 64

Define MHC molecules

Answer 64

proteins that are derived from the genes and now are displayed on the cell surface

Question 65

What expresses MHC class I

Answer 65

all nucleated cells (so not erythrocytes/rbcs because they are not nucleated)

Question 66

What expresses MHC class II

Answer 66

ONLY Antigen presenting cells

Question 67

When is HLA typing important?

Answer 67

Organ and bone marrow transplant

Question 68

What can HLA help to diagnose?

Answer 68

autoimmune diseaes

Question 69

What is the complement system?

Answer 69

approx. 60 plasma proteins (circulating in the blood) working in a cascade for large amplification

Question 70

what does the complement system (membrane attack complex MAC) do?

Answer 70

opsonize microbes recruit phagocytes directly kills microbes (lysis)

Question 71

What is the primary protein of the complement system

Answer 71

C3

Question 72

what is the product of an activated complement system?

Answer 72

increase inflammatory response opsonization/phagocytosis Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Question 73

What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 73

formation of a membrane pore resulting in lysis of the targeted cell

Question 74

what can the complement pathway activation result in?

Answer 74

angioedema (swelling of soft tissue)

Question 75

alterations in the amount of circulating complement can be found in many.....

Answer 75

autoimmune diseases

Question 76

what are cytokines mainly produced by?

Answer 76

macrophages, dendritic cells, t cells

Question 77

Define: Paracrine Autocrine Endocrine

Answer 77

Paracrine: release to effect nearby cells Autocrine: Hormone acts on the same cell that produced it Endocrine: Release into the bloodstream to effect distant cells

Question 78

What are the roles of cytokines?

Answer 78

-inducing inflammation -inhibiting viral replication -promoting t-cell response -limiting innate immune responses