Immunology - Adaptive Immune System

Question 1

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 1

Cell mediated
Humoral

Question 2

cell mediated response

Answer 2

T cell response

Question 3

Humoral response

Answer 3

Antibodies produced by B cells

Question 4

Where is the memory stored in the adaptive IS

Answer 4

B cells

Question 5

What are the main types of cells in adaptive immunity?

Answer 5

B cells (further mature to plasma cells)
Plasma cells
T cells

Question 6

What are the primary cells of chronic inflammation?

Answer 6

Lymphocytes (plasma cells, B and T cells )

Question 7

Where are B cells born? Mature?

Answer 7

Both Bone marrow

Question 8

Where do B cells differentiate

Answer 8

Lymph nodes and MALT

Question 9

3 examples of MALT

Answer 9

Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
vermiform appendix

Question 10

Describe plasma cell structure

Answer 10

Abundant cytoplasm
soccer ball or clock face nucleus

Question 11

What is the main fxn of plasma cells

Answer 11

produce antibodies

Question 12

Most abundant antibody? Rarest?

Answer 12

Abundant: IgG
Rare: IgD

Question 13

What are antibodies molecularly classified as?

Answer 13

Glycoproteins

Question 14

How many heavy chains and how many light chains are there on antibodies?

Answer 14

2 heavy, 2 light

Question 15

What are two types of light chains? What ratio are they normally in?

Answer 15

kappa and lambda
60:40 K:L

Question 16

What can a change in K:L ratio signal?

Answer 16

B cell lymphoma

Question 17

What mediates hummoral immunity?

Answer 17

antibodies/immunoglobulins

Question 18

What are the locations of antibodies?

Answer 18

membrane bound on the surf of B cells functioning as antigen receptors

secreted into a tissue or blood

Question 19

What do antibodies activate?

Answer 19

complement system, phagocytosis, mast cells etc.

Question 20

what do antibodies do to pathogens to help them become phagocytized?

Answer 20

opsonize them

Question 21

Do antibodies directly kill pathogens?

Answer 21

No, they opsonize them for phagocytes

Question 22

T/F antibodies target infected cells for lysis by T cells and cells of the innate immune system

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is found in the serum?

Answer 23

antibodies and antigens

serum is the residual fluid when blood or plasma is collected

Question 24

Define serology

Answer 24

study of antibodies and their reactions with antigens

Question 25

What do we use serology to discover

Answer 25

antibody titers

Question 26

Define allotype

Answer 26

antibodies of two different individuals in the same species

Question 27

Define autotypes

Answer 27

antibodies from the same individuals

Question 28

Define isotype

Answer 28

constant region of a heavy chain on an antibody that tells you which type it is (G A M E D)

Question 29

Define idiotypes

Answer 29

Two different antibodies that both bind to the same antigen

Question 30

Define monoclonal antibodies

Answer 30

Collections of identical antibodies

Question 31

What antibody is most abundant in the saliva?

Answer 31

IgA

Question 32

where can IgA be found?

Answer 32

Mucosa of respiratory tract and GI Breast milk

Question 33

Which antibody is a pentamer?

Answer 33

IgM

Question 34

What is the function of IgM

Answer 34

Activate complement sys. naive B cell antigen receptor, starts process of teaching a B cell to make specific antibodies

Question 35

IgE functions

Answer 35

defend against helminthic parasites

Question 36

Which antibody is associated with immediate hypersensitivity (type 1)

Answer 36

IgE

Question 37

What is the function of IgD

Answer 37

Be a B cell receptor

Question 38

Where are T cells born? Mature?

Answer 38

Born: Bone marrow Mature: Thymus

Question 39

CD4+ T cell

Answer 39

Helper T cell

Question 40

CD8+ T cell

Answer 40

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 41

What cells do CD4+ cells engage with

Answer 41

MHCII

Question 42

Functions of CD4+

Answer 42

Activate macrophages induce inflammation activate other T and B lymphocytes

Question 43

What APCs have MHCII

Answer 43

Macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

Question 44

What cell is important with HIV/AIDS

Answer 44

CD4+

Question 45

What receptors do CD8+ T cells engage with?

Answer 45

MHC-I

Question 46

What are the functions of CD8 T cells

Answer 46

Killing infected cells via release with cytotoxic granules

Question 47

What happens with Lichen planus

Answer 47

CD8+ T cells go wrong -- autoimmune condition causing destruction of oral mucosa

Question 48

What virus features make a vaccine less successful

Answer 48

Latency Antigenic variation Doesn't interfere with host immune response

Question 49

What type of immunity do vaccines cause?

Answer 49

Artificial active immunity

Question 50

Describe live attenuated and inactivated pathogen vaccines

Answer 50

earliest, most common, most effective elicits both humoral and cell-mediated responses

Question 51

Risk of live attenuated and inactivated pathogen vaccines

Answer 51

Deactivation of the virus given in the vaccine COULD cause the disease (ex. Polio)

Question 52

Describe live viral and recombinant virus vaccines

Answer 52

-recombinant viral proteins from the highest risk strains made in yeast and combined w an adjuvant (adjuvants- synthetic or microbial materials to help stimulate the immune system)

Question 53

How can one get artificial passive immunity

Answer 53

antibodies to pathogen transfered to recipient ex. covid 19 antibodies were given to infected pt to lower viral load