Immunology / Immune System

Question 1

What is another name for antibody

Answer 1

Immunoglobulin

Question 2

Which type of cell of the Immune system produces antibodies

Answer 2

B cell

Question 3

What is the main role of antibodies

Answer 3

preventing a virus from producing itself quickly

Question 4

What are the 5 antibody types

Answer 4

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Question 5

Which of the following best describes antibody - mediated immunity

a) branch of the immune system which combats antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the infected cells
b) enabled by antigen production from B cells
c) also known as humoral immunity
d) all of the above

Answer 5

Answer: d) all of the above

Question 6

Immunoglobulins are able to identify and block specific antigens

True or false

Answer 6

Answer: true

Question 7

The complement system is an enzyme group in the blood which activated:

Answer 7

Various pathways in the innate immune system to fight infection

Question 8

Which cell produces histamine

Answer 8

Mast cell

Question 9

Which of the following is not part of cell-mediated immunity?

A) a type of immunity which involves antibodies
B) involves activation of phagocytes to destroy pathogens
C) triggering of cytokines enabling moderation of other parts of the immune system
D) a type of immunity which does not involve antibodies

Answer 9

A) a type of immunity which involves antibodies

Question 10

Adaptive and specific immunity are the same

Answer 10

Yes they are

Question 11

What is phagocytosis

Answer 11

It’s the process of macrophages and other phagocytes like neutrophils use in order to destroy pathogens

Question 12

What leads to inflammation

Answer 12

When the infection is too hard to fight it releases signalling proteins called cytokines this leads to inflammation

Question 13

What cells do cytokines activate in the innate immune system

Answer 13

Macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils

Question 14

What other processes does the inflammatory response involve in that help to fight the infection

Answer 14

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, mast cell activation and degranulation, activation of clotting system, activation of kinin system

Question 15

What is the acute phase response

Answer 15

inflammation stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to secrete more cytokines a chemical called interleukins, this is called acute inflammatory response which involves sending interleukins1 to the brain: fever, reduce appetite, tiredness and sends interleukins6 to liver, interleukins8, 2 and 12 and TNF is released

Question 16

What are opsonins

Answer 16

They are Complex molecules that attach to pathogens, make it easier for macrophages and neutrophils to recognise and phagocytose that pathogen

Question 17

What is the specific immune system

Answer 17

It involves lymphocytes, T and B cells, they stay in the lymph nodes and the mucosa associated lymph node tissue

Question 18

What is lysozyme

Answer 18

Lysozyme splits the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls.

Question 19

Acute inflammation can be initiated by:

Answer 19

Activation of mast cells releases chemotactic factors for neutrophils and also vasoactive mediators such as histamine.

Question 20

Both innate and adaptive immune responses defend against microbial infection. Which of the following is a correct statement about innate immunity?

Answer 20

Innate immune responses to infections occur quickly and take place before adaptive immune responses.

Question 21

Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system utilize receptors that recognize and target molecules produced by pathogens, called antigens. Millions of different receptors, each with a different specificity, are randomly generated by genetic events in developing lymphocytes. Given the wide variety of molecules that can be recognized by lymphocytes, why doesn’t the immune system generally develop strong responses to self antigens?

Answer 21

Lymphocytes with receptors that strongly recognize self antigens during development are caused to die by apoptosis, change their receptor specificity, or become regulatory T cells.

Question 22

The adaptive immune response includes B cells that secrete antibodies. Antibodies perform multiple functions to protect us from pathogens. Which of the following antibody functions does not depend on the binding of additional molecules or cells to the non-antigen binding end (Fc region) of an antibody molecule?

Answer 22

Neutralization of a bacterial toxin

Question 23

There are multiple subsets of T lymphocytes that participate in the adaptive immune response. The two largest classes of T cells are CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, distinguished by the co-receptor molecules that they express. How do the functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ from each other?

Answer 23

CD4+ T cells are helper T cells that provide signals to other immune cells to increase their immune function, while CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells by inducing optosis.

Question 24

Both B and T cells are lymphocytes that participate in the adaptive immune response. However, the receptors expressed by B and T cells differ in significant ways. What is one difference between antigen recognition by B and T cells?

Answer 24

B cells can recognize extracellular or cell surface antigens of any molecular type, while T cells can only recognize peptide fragments of proteins displayed by a specific cell surface molecule.

Question 25

Before B and T lymphocytes can perform their immune functions, they must pass through multiple developmental steps that lead to the activation of the lymphocytes. Which of the following statements describes the molecular signals required to activate a naive T lymphocyte?

Answer 25

Naive T lymphocytes need to encounter the antigen they recognize and bind a costimulatory molecule in order to become activated.

Question 26

A special feature of adaptive immunity is:

Answer 26

Ability to distinguish self and non self

Question 27

How are antibody producing cells stimulated?

Answer 27

Antibody producing B cells are activated via interactions with T helper cells

Question 28

Cytotoxic T cells can be activated via which of the following?

Answer 28

By identifying virus peptides presented by MHC-I

Question 29

What happens to the immune system in autoimmune disease ?

Answer 29

Antibodies from the immune system mistakenly attack the body’s tissues