Immunology + Haematopoiesis Flashcards
(22 cards)
State the Functions of Blood.
Deliver nutrients + oxygen (Transporting fluids)
Collect waste products
Homeostasis (Aids in heat distribution + Regulates acid-base balance)
Defense-Immune system
State the Composition of Blood.
8% of body weight split into:
55% Plasma (7% proteins, 91% water, 2% other solutes)
45% formed elements (250-400,000 platelets, 5-9000 leukocytes, 4.2-5.8,000,000 erythrocytes)
State the Plasma Electrocytes.
Cations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Anions: Cl-, Bicarbonate, PO4(2-)
State the substances Plasma Transport.
Nutrients: Glucose, fatty acids, vitamins
Waste: Urea, lactic acid
Gases: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen
Hormones
Describe the Proteins in Plasma.
Most produced in liver
95% are same 8 proteins
Most are glycoproteins (excluding albumin)
Functions:
Osmotic balance
pH buffering
Specific roles
Describe Erythrocytes (RBCs).
Approx. 5 million per ul of blood In mammals they have no nucleus O2, CO2 transport High surface area: volume ratio Haemoglobin (tetramer) has an O2 carrying potential
Functions: Transport of O2 + nutrients Removal of waste + CO2 Distribute Heat Myoglobin: O2 binding/storage in muscle cells
Describe Erythropoiesis.
Development of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Occurs in bone marrow
Erythropoietin: Hormone controlling erythropoiesis
RBCs have 120 day lifespan -> degraded by liver
Describe Leukocytes (WBCs).
Approx. 5-10,000 per ul of blood
Defence
Amoeba - like cells but independent movements
Made in red bone marrow
Humans: 5 types (either granular or agranular)
Functions: Phagocytosis (engulf pathogens) Synthesis of antibodies Inflammatory response Production of heparin - Treat thrombosis/blood clotting
State the Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
State the Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
State the Stem cell which all blood cells develop.
Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell
Describe Platlets.
150-400,000 per ul of blood Cell fragments No nuclei Function in blood clotting + homeostasis Disc shaped
Roles:
Adhesion
Secretion
Aggregation
Explain the 4 Blood Types.
A - A antigens on RBC, Anti-B antibodies on plasma
B - B antigens on RBC, Anti-A antibodies on plasma
O - No antigens on RBC, Anti-A+B antibodies on plasma
AB - A+B antigens on RBC, No antibodies on plasma
Explain the difference between +ve and -ve blood.
Positive - Resus factor present
Negative - Resus factor not present
Resus factor is a protein on blood
State the Importance of O- blood and AB+ blood.
O- blood is a universal donor (no antigens)
AB+ blood is a universal recipient (no antibodies)
Describe the Haemopoeitic System.
System of organs + tissues (incl. bone marrow, spleen, thymus + lymph nodes) involved in production of cellular blood components
State the Cell life of RBCs, Platelets and Granulocytes.
RBCs - 120 days
Platelets - 7 days
Granulocytes - 7 hours
Describe the important roles of Bone Marrow.
Only source of blood cells in infants + adults
6weeks-7months gestation blood islands migrate to liver + spleen
At birth, haemopoesis is present in the marrow of every bone
Adult confined to central skeleton + proximal ends of long bones
Pathological processes result in resumption of activity in liver + spleen - extra medullary haemopoiesis
Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow
Lymphoid tisse + organ
Primary - Development + maturation
Bone marrow (B cells), Thymus gland (T cells)
Secondary - Mature lymphocytes meet pathogens
Spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, Pever’s patches, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Describe the Lymphatic System.
Lymph
- Fluid + cells in lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic Vessels
- Collect + return interstitial fluid to body
- Transport immune cells
- Transport lipid from intestine to blood
Lymph Nodes
- Kidney shaped organs along side lymph vessels
Other secondary lymphatic tissues + organs
Describe the Spleen.
Lymphoid organ in upper left abdomen
Functions:
Remove damaged/old erythrocytes
Activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens
Red Pulp: Erythrocytes removed
White Pulp: Lymphocytes removed
Describe Haematopoiesis.
HSCs reside in the medulla
Produce all different mature blood cell types + tissues
Self-renewing cells: Some daughter cells remain as HSCs
Describe the ways to Stimulate Maturation.
Growth factors (GFs) are polypeptides that instruct cellular responses
Transcription factors are proteins that control rate of transcription
Cytokines are small (glyco-)proteins that allow cell communication + attract cells (chemotaxis)
Interleukins + Interferons are a type of cytokines
Haematopoietic Cytokines - stimulate HSCs to differentiate into blood cells
