Immunology Early events

Question 1

what is a PRR and where are they found

Answer 1

pattern recognition receptor- found on cell surfaces, cytoplasm, tissue fluids in all cells

Question 2

examples of a PRR at the cell surface and intracellular

Answer 2

cell surface- toll-like receptors
intracellular- nod-like receptors

Question 3

main points on differences between species

Answer 3

-have evolved differently in different groups, though they seem quite universal in animals
-generally most species have around 10, which may or not be involved in immunity
-some species, like sea urchins, have a lot for some reason
-means we need to be careful when making generalisations

Question 4

example of a species specific PRR

Answer 4

RIG-1 in ducks, useful in dealing with avian influenza

Question 5

use of PRRs

Answer 5

initiate cascades which can help direct the immune response, involved in stuff like cell maturation and cytokine production
can help determine specific locations of threats

Question 6

what is an interferon

Answer 6

cytokine which can initiate an antiviral state

Question 7

what produces interferons

Answer 7

type 1/3 produced by any nucleated cell. type 2 by lymphocytes

Question 8

alt name for type 2 interferons

Answer 8

IFNgamma

Question 9

quirk of interferon action in bats

Answer 9

type 1 interferons are always on, less immunopathology of infections

Question 10

two main immunological strategies

Answer 10

tolerance or kill- most organisms will fall somewhere in between

Question 11

two types of immune progenitor cell

Answer 11

myeloid (innate), lymphoid (adaptive and NKs)

Question 12

4 PMNs and what that means

Answer 12

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, mast cell
polymorphonuclear cells

Question 13

phagocytes

Answer 13

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

Question 14

pAPCs

Answer 14

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
but nearly all cells present MHC I

Question 15

signals of trauma/infection

Answer 15

cytokines, nitric oxide

Question 16

integrins- what are they, example

Answer 16

molecules involved in signalling, e.g. LFA-1- binds to intercellular adhesion molecules

Question 17

two types of signalling integrins are involved with

Answer 17

inside-out- things inside the cell can activate the integrin or change its activity
outside-in- signalling via the binding of something to an integrin on the outside

Question 18

TCRgd+ cells

Answer 18

T cells with gamma and delta receptors- seem to be involved pre-birth or in very early life