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PRINCIPLES > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

How may neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

Degranulation, reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, NETosis

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2
Q

Describe positive feedback in neutrophils.

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

What two conditions may excess neutrophil degranulation cause?

A

Abscess, sepsis

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4
Q

What component of immune cells is vital for recognising pathogens?

A

PRRs - Pattern recognition receptors

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5
Q

Which non-specific pathogen component is recognisable by immune cells?

A

PAMPs - pathogen associated molecular pattern

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6
Q

What are macrophages? Which key immune components do they play a role in creating?

A

Phagocytes. TNF alpha (pro-inflammatory, mast cells), MHC class II

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7
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major histocompatability complex - activates other (specific) immune cells

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8
Q

How can degranulation of mast cells prevent further inflammation?

A

Releases TNL - an anti-inflammatory chemical

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9
Q

Name the main natural/physical barriers.

A

Skin, cilia, mucus

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10
Q

Which specific bacterial component can activate the complement system?

A

Mannose (and mannose binding lectin)

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11
Q

Describe the two major complement system reactions.

A

C3 -> C3a + C3b. C3b converts C5 -> C5a + C5b

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the complement system protein, C5b?

A

Creates the MAC (membrane attack complex), which kills pathogens by osmolality. Also activates mast cells

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13
Q

Where do the lymphocytes originate from?

A

Primary lymphoid tissues -> B in bone marrow, T in thymus

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14
Q

Describe how lymphocytes migrate from the primary lymphoid tissues.

A

Transendothelial migration to high endothelial venules

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15
Q

Which three immune components are required to activate B lymphocytes?

A

Helper Ts, PAMPs, antigens

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16
Q

Describe the first antibody produced and its main purposes.

A

IgM -> virus neutralisation and agglutination

17
Q

After IgM is stopped in production, which antibodies are then produced?

A

IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE

18
Q

Describe what waning of IgG and sIgA may cause in the foetus/newborn.

A

Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia

19
Q

Apart from virus neutralisation and agglutination, what are the other functions of IgG and IgM?

A

Opsonisation, classical activation of the complement system

20
Q

What are the two main types of T cell?

A

CD4+ (helpers), CD8+ (cytotoxic)

21
Q

Which chemical causes proliferation of undifferentiated T cells?

A

IL-2 (interleukin 2)

22
Q

Describe the differentiation of CD4+ cells.

A

IL2 -> TH0 -> Tfh + TH1

23
Q

What are the purposes of Tfh and TH1 cells?

A

Tfh activate B lymphocytes, TH1 releases cytokines

24
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Initiate apoptosis

25
Q

How do neutrophils activate T helper cells?

A

Present MHC as rubble from degranulation.

PRINCIPLES (10 decks)

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