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PRINCIPLES > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the phospholipid formation of the membrane.

A

Choline and phosphate lipids, and fatty acid chains

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2
Q

Describe the different types of protein present in the cell membrane

A

Receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes. Integral vs peripheral

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3
Q

What is the process of movement of material in and out of the cell membrane?

A

Endo/exocytosis

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4
Q

How may proteins move in the cell membrane?

A

Lateral diffusion (vs anchoring)

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5
Q

What are the three types of cell junction?

A

Tight, gap, communicating

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the gap junction.

A

Binds to actin and cadherin, allows movement of molecules through cells and a pore

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7
Q

Describe the communicating cellular junction.

A

Allows transfer directly of material - good for action potentials.

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8
Q

What is the technical name for the cell membrane?

A

The plasmalemma

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A solution of plasma, electrolytes, and carbohydrates

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus (excluding DNA)

A

Nucleus contains the nucleolus. Surrounded by the perinuclear cistern and pores. Rough ER attaches

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11
Q

Describe the types and location of genetic information within the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus contains heterochromatin (resting), nucleus euchromatin (active)

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12
Q

Where is the genetic information for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located?

A

The nucleolus

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13
Q

Describe how synthesis of a protein begins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosome with mRNA recieves signal peptide sequence. Binds to rER and protein forms within

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14
Q

What is synthesised within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Lipids and hormone proteins

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15
Q

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin (microfilaments), intermediate filaments, microtubules (a/B tubulin dimers)

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16
Q

Which enzymes move proteins on the cytoskeleton towards/away from the centre?

A

Kinesin ATPase (away), Dynein ATPase (towards)

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17
Q

What is the name for a material within the cell which is disposable?

A

An inclusion

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18
Q

Which chemical preserves a fixed sample in a life like state?

A

Formalin

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19
Q

What is the term for the differences between a fixed sample and the original?

A

Artefacts

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20
Q

Describe the H&E stain.

A

Haemotoxylin & Eosin - H stains acids blue, eosin stains bases red

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21
Q

Describe the components/structure of hepatic lobules.

A

Portal veins and hepatic arteries drain to central (hepatic) vein. Sinusoids

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22
Q

Describe the endocrine nature of the pancreas.

A

Islets of langerhaans produce hormones, i.e. insulin

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23
Q

Describe the exocrine nature of the pancreas.

A

Produces juices containing proteases.

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24
Q

Name the three salivary glands.

A

Sublingual, submandibular, parotid

25
Q

Describe the respiratory epithelium.

A

Pseudostratified columnar

26
Q

Describe how the very largest arteries differ from the arteries/arterioles.

A

Smooth muscle is replaced by elastic fibres, allowing expansion of aorta etc (keeping BP constant)

27
Q

What is the name of the vascular self-blood supply?

A

Vasa vasorum

28
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continous, fenestrated, discontinuous

29
Q

Which problem may capillary beds cause RBCs?

A

Sickle cell

30
Q

Describe the structure of capillary bed vessels.

A

Arterioles -> metarteriole -> capillary -> thoroughfare channel -> post capillary venule

31
Q

What controls entry of blood into capillaries?

A

Precapillary sphincter

32
Q

Describe the purpose and structure of lymph vessels.

A

Immune surviellence - hydrostatic pressure and valves and compression makes flow

33
Q

Describe the structure of centrifugation of plasma.

A

Supernatant (top) - plasma. Pellet (bottom) - formed elements

34
Q

What are the three types of formed elements?

A

Erthythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

35
Q

Describe the classification of leukocytes.

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), agranulocytes (macrophages/monocytes, lymphocytes)

36
Q

Which leukocytes are multilobed and which are bilobed?

A

Multilobed - neutrophil. Bilobed - eosinophil, basophil

37
Q

Describe basophils and eosinophils.

A

Basophils stain blue H&E (acidic), eosinophils stain red H&E (basic)

38
Q

Which cell are platelets formed from?

A

Megakaryotes

39
Q

What is the name for formation of erthyrocytes? When/where does this occur in the growth period?

A

Haemopoeisis. 3 weeks - yolk sac. Then spleen and liver.

40
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Hard connective, soft connective, blood/lymph

41
Q

What are the two types of hard connective tissue?

A

Bone and cartilage

42
Q

Describe the structure of bone - including cellular structure and anatomical structure.

A

Haversian canals and osteocytes. Epiphyses (ends, cancellous) and diaphyes (middle, cortical)

43
Q

Describe the vascular nature of hard connective tissue.

A

Bone has Haversian canals. Cartilage is avascular.

44
Q

Name the main type of cartilage cell, and the three types of cartilage.

A

Chondrocyte. Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

45
Q

Connective tissue is made of two primary structures. What are these? What additional substances make these up?

A

Extracellular matrix (fibres, ground substance, tissue fluid). Cells - fibroblasts, adipose

46
Q

Describe the two types of soft connective tissue.

A

Loose and dense (packing). Dense can be irregularly or regularly alligned.

47
Q

What type of tissue are ligaments, tendons, mesentry, stroma, and skin dermis?

A

Soft connective.

48
Q

What is the purpose of muscle tissue? How does it achieve this purpose?

A

Contractile force - by contractile fibres actin and myosin

49
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth (involuntary), skeletal, cardiac

50
Q

What are the three main purposes of epithelial cells?

A

Cover body cavities, form glands, covers surfaces

51
Q

Name the three types of epithelial cell, and the three types of epithelial layer.

A

Cuboidal, squamous, columnar. Stratified, pseudostratified, simple

52
Q

Describe goblet cells.

A

Columnar epithelial cells which secrete mucus

53
Q

Describe the exocrine and endocrine nature of glandular epithelial cells.

A

Exocrine - secretes apically (lumen/duct/body surface)

Endocrine - secretes basally (vascalature)

54
Q

What is the basement membrane formed of, and what is its purpose?

A

Basal and reticular lamina - connects epithelium to connective tissue

55
Q

Describe the classification of nervous cells.

A

Neurons and glia (support cells). Glia split into astrocytes and oligdodendrocyes.

56
Q

What are the purposes of astrocytes and oligdodendrocytres?

A

Astro - blood-brain barrier. Oligdo - produces myelin (for sheaths)

57
Q

Name the two different tissue coats for the PNS and CNS.

A

CNS - meninges. PNS - epineurium

58
Q

Name the three different type of nerve cell polarities.

A

Unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

PRINCIPLES (10 decks)

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