Immunology

Question 1

What is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 1

IgE-mediated
Systemic or localised anaphylaxis
Hay fever, asthma, hives, eczema

Question 2

What is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 2

IgG-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Antigens target cell surface for complement, etc
Blood transfusion reactions, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Question 3

What is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 3

Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
Ag-Ab complexes deposit and induce complement/inflammatory/neutrophil response
Necrotising vasculitis, GN, RA, SLE

Question 4

What is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 4

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity
Th1 cells activate macrophages or Tc cells
Contact dermatitis, tubercular lesions, graft rejection,

Question 5

What is the function of IL1?

Answer 5

Proliferation of activated T cells, B cells

Produced by macrophages and fibroblasts

Question 6

What is the function of IL-2?

Answer 6

Produced by T cells
Growth of activated T cells, B cells
Activation of NK cells

Question 7

What is the function of IL-3?

Answer 7

Mast cell growth
Differentiation of haematopoetic precursors
Produced by T cells, macrophages

Question 8

What is the function of IL-4?

Answer 8

Isotype switching (IgG to IgE)
Characterises th2 subset

Produced by T cell, mast cell

Question 9

What is the function of IL-5?

Answer 9

IgM, IgA production, eosinophil and activated b cell proliferation

Produced by TH2 subset, mast cells

Question 10

What is the function of IL-6?

Answer 10

Induction acute phase proteins
Differentiation of haematopoetic cells

Produced by macrophages, the, mast cells, fibroblasts

Question 11

Name the 3 cytokines produced by macrophages

Answer 11

IL 1
IL 8
TNF alpha

Question 12

What is the function of GM-CSF?

Answer 12

Colony growth, activates macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Produced by macrophages, t cells, endothelium, mast cells

Question 13

What is the function of TNF-a?

Answer 13

Activates macrophages, tumour cytotoxicity, cachexia

Produced by macrophages, T cells

Question 14

What is the function of TNF-b?

Answer 14

Acute phase proteins
Anti viral/anti parasite activity
Activation of phagocytes
Induce pro inflammatory cytokines

Produced by CD4 T cells

Question 15

What is the function of IFN-a?

Answer 15

Anti-viral
Upregulates MHC-1

Produced by leucocytes

Question 16

What is the function of IFN-gamma?

Answer 16

Anti-viral macrophage activation
Upregulates MHC
Stimulates CTL differentiation
Antagonises IL-4 effects
Characterises Th1 subset

Question 17

Function of IL-1

Answer 17

Produced by macrophages

Acts on hypothalamus to change temperature

Local effect - vasodilatation - of vessels

Question 18

Function of IL-8

Answer 18

Produced by macrophages

Recruitment of neutrophils

Question 19

What is the function of TNF alpha in innate immunity?

Answer 19

Produced by macrophages
Locally causes vasodilatation and leaky blood vessels
Travels to the liver and induces release of acute phase proteins

Question 20

Predominant function of C3b?

Answer 20

Opsonisation of pathogens

Question 21

3 functions of complement

Answer 21

1. Opsonisation
2. Formation of MAC
3. Recruitment of phagocytes

Question 22

CD3 is a receptor marker on which cell?

Answer 22

All T cells

Question 23

CD4 is a receptor marker on which cell?

Answer 23

Helper T cells

Question 24

CD8 is a receptor marker on which cell?

Answer 24

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 25

2 examples of super antigens

Answer 25

Staph aureus enterotoxin Strep pyogenes exotoxin

Question 26

What do toll like receptors bind to?

Answer 26

PAMPs | Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 27

Role of IL-2

Answer 27

Proliferation of T cells

Question 28

Which chromosome are HLA molecules encoded for?

Answer 28

Chromosome 6

Question 29

Which co stimulatory molecule on T cells binds to CD80/CD86 on dendritic cells?

Answer 29

CD28

Question 30

Class II MHC molecules express which HLA types?

Answer 30

DR DP DQ

Question 31

Class I MHC molecules express which HLA types?

Answer 31

A B C

Question 32

Which types of cells are MHC Class II found?

Answer 32

Antigen presenting cells

Question 33

Which types of cells are MHC Class I found?

Answer 33

All nucleated cells

Question 34

Which molecule requires Beta-2 microglobulin for expression on the cell surface?

Answer 34

MHC Class I

Question 35

Which cytokines are produced by TH2 cells?

Answer 35

IL-4 IL-5 IL-13

Question 36

Which cytokines are produced by TH1 cells?

Answer 36

Interferon gamma | TNF alpha

Question 37

Which cytokines are produced by TH17 cells?

Answer 37

IL-17 | IL-22

Question 38

TH1 cells are important in host defence against what?

Answer 38

Intracellular pathogens

Question 39

TH2 cells are important in host defence against what?

Answer 39

Helminth infections

Question 40

TH17 cells are important in host defence against what?

Answer 40

Extracellular bacteria | Fungi

Question 41

Which type of cell expresses CD4 and CD25?

Answer 41

Regulatory T cells

Question 42

Which cytokines are produced by regulatory T cells?

Answer 42

IL-10 | TGF-beta

Question 43

Which immunoglobulins can bind complement via the classical pathway?

Answer 43

Ig-M | Ig-G3 > Ig-G1 > Ig-G2

Question 44

Which immunoglobulin forms a pentameric structure?

Answer 44

IgM

Question 45

Which immunoglobulin is present in secretions?

Answer 45

IgA

Question 46

What is Di George syndrome?

Answer 46

Lack of a thymus gland | No development of T cells

Question 47

What is Bare lymphocyte syndrome caused by?

Answer 47

MHC-II deficiency | Cannot activate CD4 T cells