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MB1: Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the innate immune system

A

Fast, natural immunity

Non specific with physical and chemical barriers

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2
Q

What is the acquired immune system

A

adaptive immune system that is specific to the disease

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3
Q

First line defence

A

Skin - physical barrier
Mucous - lines all body cavities
Commensal bacteria - compete with dangerous bacteria

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4
Q

what is a PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

present on pathogen surface

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5
Q

what is a PRR

A

pathogen recognition receptors

bind to PAMP and initiate phagocytosis

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6
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Macrophage binds to pathogen
engulfs and traps pathogen in a phagosome
Lysosome binds to phagosome and digests bacteria
debris released, pathogen derived peptides displayed on MHC II of macrophage

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7
Q

What is an opsonin and give examples

A

pathogens coated in soluble factors opsonin to enhance phagocytosis
IgG, IgM, CRP C3b

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8
Q

What do mast cells do

A

Bing to PAMP on pathogen and degranulate to release pro inflammatory substances:
Cytokines (TNFa), histamines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide

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9
Q

Where are neutrophils normally found

A

bloodstream

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10
Q

state the stages of neutrophil migration

A

stasis and marginalisation
chemotaxis
reactivation

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11
Q

3 ways neutrophils can kill a pathogen

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
NETs

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12
Q

a high neutrophil count is a hallmark _____

A

acute inflammation

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13
Q

what acute phase proteins are secreted in response to acute inflammation

A

CRP
C3
MBL

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14
Q

3 pathways of the complement system

A

Mannose binding lectin
Classical
Alternative

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15
Q

C3 is cleaved into C3a and C3b. what do they do

A

C3a - pro inflammatory mediator

C3b - binds to cell surface with others to cleave C5

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16
Q

what does C5b do?

A

binds to cell and combines to create MAC

opsonin to promote phagocytosis

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17
Q

what does MAC do?

A

punctures cell membrane of pathogen to cause it to urst

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18
Q

what is the function of interferons in virally infected cells

A

causes surrounding cells to destroy their DNA and reduce protein synthesis

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19
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

MHC I protein with self peptide on healthy cell binds to inhibit NK cell
infected cells do not have this self peptide so are destroyed

20
Q

antibodies are made up of

A

2 light and 2 heavy polypeptide chains

21
Q

what do b cells differentiate to when activated

A

plasma cells

22
Q

what is clonal proliferation

A

rapid and identical division of B cells

23
Q

when a B cell enters a lymph node, where does it go?

A

b cell follicle

24
Q

when an antigen goes to a lymph node a B cell will be activated. one signal is the binding to the antigen. where is the second from?

A

multiple non self antigens binding multiple sites
PAMP activation on pathogen or debris surface
helper T cell

25
Q

what antibody do plasma cells initially secrete

A

low affinity IgM

26
Q

IgM affinity secreted from B cells is increased by what?

A

helper T cells causing B cell to introduce point mutations

27
Q

true/false - following helper T cell increasing IgM affinity the B cell switches antibiody class to IgG

A

true

28
Q

what is the function of the heavy chain on antibodies

A

activates complement

29
Q

IgM functions

A

b cell activation - monomer

b cell secretion - pendamer

30
Q

how does IgM activate complement

A

binding site for C1 which forms an enzyme to cleave C3

31
Q

true/false - IgM cannot enter body tissues

A

true - it is too large so stays in secretions and plasma

32
Q

functions of IgE

A

allergic responses

33
Q

where are IgA monomers found

A

serum

34
Q

where are IgA dimers found

A

sweat
saliva
breast milk
tears

35
Q

Functions of IgG

A 
foetal immunity 
complement activation 
opsonisaton 
NK activation 
virus neutralisation
36
Q

true/false - t cells can recognise all antigens

A

false - only peptide antigens

37
Q

when can a t cell recognise a peptide antigen

A

when presented on MHC

38
Q

class I MHC is expressed on ____ and presents antigens to ___

A

all nucleated cells

CD8+T cells

39
Q

class II MHC is expressed on ___ and presents antigens to ____

A

antigen presenting cells

CD4+T cells

40
Q

how does an APC activate CD4/CD8 T cells

A

presents peptide from phagocytosis to T cells and confirms signal with co-stimulatory molecule

41
Q

CD4+T cells differentiate into TH0 cells followed by

A

TH1
TH2
TFH

42
Q

what do TH1 cells do

A

secrete pro inflammatory cytokines to kill internal pathogens via ROS - assist macrophages

43
Q

what do TFH cells do

A

bind to B cell via MHC II to assist the cell differentiate into a plasma cell
allow B cells to secrete better affinity antibodies

44
Q

what interleukin causes TFH cell proliferation

A

IL-2

45
Q

what do CD8+T cells proliferate into

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

46
Q

function of CTLs

A

kill virally infected cells by apoptosis

47
Q

what interleukin proliferates CD8+T cells to CTL

A

IL-2

MB1: Principles (10 decks)

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