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MB1: Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system and what is it comprised of?

A

Cardiovascular and lymphatic system

Acts in thermoregulation, gas exchange and immune response

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2
Q

2 types of circulation

A

Systemic and pulmonary

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3
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Epicardium - visceral, serous and pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium - epithelial lined

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4
Q

Name the valves of the heart

A

Tricuspid
mitral
aortic
pulmonary

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5
Q

Describe the hearts conducting system

A

Impulse generated at SA node, causing contraction of atria
Travels to AV node at atrioventricular septum Travels down bundle of his in AV septum
Spreads out to myocardium through purkinje fibres, ventricular contraction
Controls itself without nervous input from brain, unless required

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6
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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7
Q

describe a neurovascular bundle

A

a bundle containing an artery, nerve and vein

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8
Q

What blood pressure do arteries carry blood at

A

High systemic BP - generally at textbook pressure 120/80 mmHg

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9
Q

What is artery branching called

A

Bifurcation - divides into 2

Trifurcation - divides into 3

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10
Q

What is an end artery

A

only vessel carrying blood to that body territory

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11
Q

what is an infarction

A

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia

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12
Q

what is a collateral

A

the alternative routes in an anastomosis

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13
Q

what is an anastomosis

A

connection of arteries without a capillary

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14
Q

What is sympathetic tone

A

Where sympathetic nerves excise tonic conduction of action potential on arteriole walls. it is regulated

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15
Q

Describe vasodilation and vasoconstriction in relation to Sympathetic tone

A

Vasodilation - reduced impulses carried by sympathetic nerves and so smooth muscle relaxes, blood flow increases and BP decreases
Vasoconstriction - increased impulses carried by sympathetic nerves to constrict smooth muscle and increase blood pressure, narrowing blood flow

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16
Q

Name the term given to the aorta’s ability to maintain constant pressure

A

elastic recoil

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17
Q

name the aortic anatomy

A

Ascending aorta
Arch of aorta
Descending aorta - thoracic and abdominal

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18
Q

what does the arch of aorta supply

A

First branch to brachiocephalic trunk
second to common carotid
third to left subclavian

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19
Q

Common peripheral pulses (6)

A 
Carotid
Brachial artery
Dorsalis pedis
radial artery 
femoral artery
popliteal
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20
Q

2 types of vein

A

Superficial

deep

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21
Q

2 venous systems

A

Systemic venous system

Hepatic portal venous system

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22
Q

what do veins have that arteries do not

A

Valves

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23
Q

what are venous branches called

A

Tributaries

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24
Q

What is the benefit of veins being in a neurovascular bundle?

A

artery pulsation moves deoxygenated blood back to heart

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25
Q

Why do veins not have a round lumen

A

they have a thinner t.media

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26
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

filter foreign particles and pathogens - immune surveilance

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27
Q

What does the lymphatic system do in tissues

A

collects excess tissue fluid

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28
Q

where is lymph returned to bloodstream?

A

right lymphatic duct - right venous angle

thoracic duct - left venous angle

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29
Q

components of the axial skeleton

A

skull, neck and bones of trunk

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30
Q

components of the appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle

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31
Q

what is a bony feature and how is it formed

A

moulding to make them more functional and better for job
adjacent structure applies force to developing bone
develops at same time forcing it to grow around structure to form foramen

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32
Q

Example of bony features

A

greater and lesser and trochanters

tibial tuberosity

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33
Q

3 types of joint

A

fibrous
synovial
cartilaginous

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34
Q

5 types of skeletal muscle

A 
Circular 
fusiform
quadrate 
pennate
flat with aponeurosis
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35
Q

Attachments to bone

A

origin and insertion

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36
Q

what is an origin

A

most proximal part and least movable

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37
Q

what is an insertion

A

more distal part and most movable

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38
Q

When can a joint be moved in terms of muscle

A

when the muscle spans the joint and attaches to bones on other side

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39
Q

Explain movement in deltoid muscle

A

3 origins and one insertion so can move by flexion and extension of shoulder as well as abduction and adduction

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40
Q

Explain movement of biceps brachii

A

anteriorly spans shoulder so assists in shoulder flexion
spans elbow so functions in flexion and extension
spans proximal radioulnar anteriorly so can supinate forearm

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41
Q

How do you clinically examine a muscle?

A

test muscle
nerve supply and sensation
ability and power of movement
reflexes

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42
Q

Types and descriptions of reflexes

A

Protective - reflex in response to dangerous stimuli by CNS and effector muscles
Automatic - tendon hammer applies stretch to muscle. muscle contracts to prevent overstretching causing a twitch in usual muscle direction

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43
Q

Explain the reflex arc

A

Sensory nerve from affector detects stretch and is relayed to spinal cord
Synapse in cord bridges sensory to motor neuron
Motor neuron carries impulse alerting muscle to contract, followed by brief brain regulation to prevent an overly brisk contraction

44
Q

Define Paralysis and how it can be seen

A

muscle without motor nerve supply

reduced tone on exam

45
Q

Define spacticity and how it can be seen

A

Intact motor nerve supply but brain cannot regulate overstretching.
Increased tone on exam

46
Q

Name the gametes and where they are produced

A

male spermatozoa and female oocyte

produced by gonads

47
Q

where does the reproductive system lie

A

pelvic cavity

48
Q

what makes up the bony pelvis

A

2 ileum, sacrum, pubic bone

49
Q

what is the pelvic floor and how many openings does it have

A

layer of skeletal muscle that separates perineum from pelvic cavity
3 openings in females
2 in males
reproductive system, renal system and distal alimentary

50
Q

What pouches are formed by the parietal peritoneum

A

Females - rectouterine pouch of douglas and vesicouterine pouch
Males - rectovesicle

51
Q

Female reproductive surface anatomy

A

Labia - Major and Minor
Mons pubis
Anus
Vaginal orifice

52
Q

3 layers of endometrium

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

53
Q

3 parts of uterine tube

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum (with fimbriae)

54
Q

where will fertilsation generally occur?

A

Ampulla

55
Q

where is the oocyte released

A

peritoneal cavity, collected by fimbriae and brushed by cilia into uterine tube

56
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

where ovum is fertilised and implants in a location other than the uterus

57
Q

Male surface anatomy

A

Penis
Prepuce
Mons pubis
Anus

58
Q

When is the penis in anatomical position

A

when erect

59
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs

A

Ovaries and testes

60
Q

What is the spermatic cord

A

contains testicular artery, vas deferens and pampinoform plexus of veins

61
Q

Describe development of testes

A

grown on posterior wall of abdominal cavity during pregnancy, descended into scrotum by birth

62
Q

what regulates temperature of testes

A

dartos muscle

63
Q

describe passing of sperm from testis to vas deferens

A

passes from seminiferous tubules to rete testis, to head of epididymis to epididymis and to vas deferens

64
Q

describe path of sperm

A

spermatic cord passes through anterior abdominal wall through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
connects with a duct from seminal gland to from an ejaculatory duct
right and left ducts join within prostate and drain into urethra

65
Q

What makes up the CNS and what does it do?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Central controlling of nerves

66
Q

What is the PNS and what does it do

A

All other nerves besides CNS, Spinal and cranial nerves - controlling some involuntary action, sensory and motor function
Autonomic nerves - controlling all involuntary response

67
Q

what is a nerve axon insulated with

A

Myelin

68
Q

what are bundles of nerve cells/ axons called in the nervous system

A

CNS- tract

PNS - ganglia

69
Q

what are peripheral nerves

A

bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue

the major ones are named

70
Q

What are the 6 modalities

A 
Somatic sensory 
somatic motor
visceral afferent
special sensory
sympathetic 
parasympathetic
71
Q

what is the outer brain known as and what does it consist of

A

cortex, made up of the temporal, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes
Gyri are peaks and sulci are troughs

72
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

A

12

73
Q

Name the cranial nerves

A 
Olfactory
Optic 
oculomotor 
trochlear
trigeminal 
abducent 
facial
vestibulocochlear
glosopharyngeal
vagus 
spinal accessory
hypoglossal
74
Q

in what order o cranial nerves run in the brain in terms of number?

A

anterior to posterior (generally)

75
Q

what nerve runs through foramen magnum

A

none! it is the spinal cord

76
Q

what nerves run through the anterior cranial fossa

A

CN I

77
Q

what nerves run through the middle cranial fossa

A

CN II-VI

78
Q

what nerves run through the posterior cranial fossa

A

CN VII-XII

79
Q

What nerves run through what foraminae

A 
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone I
Optic canal II
Superior orbital fissure III, IV, V1, VI
Foramen rotundum V2 Foramen ovale V3
Internal acoustic meatus VII, VIII
Jugular foramen IX, X, XI
Hypoglossal canal XII
80
Q

True/false - pathology only affects the intercranial part of a nerve

A

False - it can affect any of it

81
Q

what protects the spinal cord

A

Vertebral canal

82
Q

what are the two enlargements on the spinal cord and why are they enlarged

A

Cervical
Lumbosacral
Limb control

83
Q

What are the spinal cord segments

A 
Cervical - C1-C8
Thoracic - T1-T12
Lumbar - L1-L5
Sacral - S1-S5
Coccygeal - Co
84
Q

how many nerves does the spinal cord connect to

A

31 bilaterally

85
Q

where is the conus medullaris and what is it

A

L1-2, end of spinal cord

86
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

lumbar and sacral nerve roots which descend to their foraminae via intervertebral canal

87
Q

Where do spinal nerves supply

A

Soma

88
Q

where do posterior rami supply

A

small posterior strip

89
Q

where do anterior rami supply

A

lateral, anterior and part of posterior as well as limbs via plexus

90
Q

what do anterior rootlets supply

A

sensory function

91
Q

what do posterior rootlets suppy

A

motor function

92
Q

what do rami connect to spinal cord with

A

roots and rootlets

93
Q

What is a dermatome

A

division of the body into segments supplied by a single pair of spinal nerve

94
Q

What does the T4 dermatome supply

A

nipple

95
Q

What does the T10 dermatome supply

A

umbillicus

96
Q

Name the plexuses, what they are supplied by and what they supply

A 
Cervical - C1-4
Posterio scalp, neck wall and diaphragm 
Brachial - C5-T1
upper limb
Lumbar - L1-4
lower limb 
Sacral L5-S4
lower limb, gluteal and perineum
97
Q

what are the functional subdivisions of nervous system

A

Somatic - Body wall and external environment

Autonomic - visceral motor system and internal environment

98
Q

what are the types of somatic sensation

A 
Touch - coarse and fine 
pain - sharp is well localised 
temperature
proprioception
vibration
99
Q

How is somatic sensation conducted?

A

Somatic sensory mechanorecepors are stimulated and action potentials are conduced along ramus. These may weave through a plexus to reach a spinal nerve
Action potentials are conducted via axons that pass through dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root and then dorsal rootlets
Arrive at posterior horn and cross midline of spinal cord to ascend to brain

100
Q

A reflex has a ___ and ___ response

A

rapid and involuntary

101
Q

The ANS is _______

A

involuntary

102
Q

what are the types of motor control in the ANS and how is it described

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Dual motor control

103
Q

what are organ sensory nerves known as?

A

visceral afferents

104
Q

visceral afferents?

A

touch
temp
pain - colicky or iscaemic and can be described as dull and nauseating

105
Q

what does the parasympathetic system target

A

internal organs

106
Q

what does the sympathetic system do, where does it come from

A 
Supply internal organs 
Supply body wall organs 
Supplies arterioles 
Fight or flight 
exits via T1-L2
passes to all spinal nerves
107
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do, where does it come from

A

Supplies same internal organs as sympathetic division
Rest and digest
Craniosacral outflow - only passes out by cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal nerves

MB1: Principles (10 decks)

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