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MB1: Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell is how much water?

A

80%

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2
Q

what is the cell membrane made up of and how can it be described?

A

hydrophillic lipid bilayer
anchored membrane proteins
proteins that can laterally diffuse
selectively permeable and amphipathic

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3
Q

what is an inclusion?

A

non bound organelles synthesised by the cell

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4
Q

3 componenets of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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5
Q

where do microtubules originate from

A

MTOC, centrosome

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6
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

2 tubulin strands, alpha and beta tubulin

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7
Q

name of transport molecules that attach to microtubules

A

dynein and kinesin

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8
Q

what are microfilaments made of

A

fine actin strands

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9
Q

what binds intracellular elements together

A

intermediate microfilaments

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10
Q

heterochromatin

A

highly condensed DNA

not undergoing transcription

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11
Q

euchromatin

A

less condensed DNA undergoing transcription

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12
Q

What does the ER do?

A

membrane bound spaces
SER - processes popypeptides
RER - involved in protein synthesis, ribosome rich and provides space for polypeptide

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13
Q

Name of inner mitochondrial membrane and its folds?

A

Christae

increase SA

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14
Q

tight junction?

A

prevents diffusion

also called occluding

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15
Q

anchoring junctions?

A

links cells togehter by actin molecules

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16
Q

desmosomes?

A

sub membrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells.

skin for mechanical stability

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17
Q

gap junction

A

allows selective diffusion through connexon pores

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18
Q

why do cardiac muscle cells require gap junctions

A

to allow for a wave of excitation to occur

not required in skeletal muscle

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19
Q

H&E?

A

Haematoxylin (purple and acidic affinity) and eosin (pink and basic affinity)

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20
Q

How is a slide prepared?

A

sliced thinly, dehydrated, put into organic solvent, penetrated in hot wax.
wax washed out and cut on microtome.
stained

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21
Q

What is an artifact

A

a distortion when preserving a tissue

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22
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

Epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

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23
Q

At apical and basal ends epithelial cells are

A

polar

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24
Q

epithelial cells attached to

A

basal lamina

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25
Q

Squamous

A

flattened like shape

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26
Q

cuboidal

A

cube shaped

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27
Q

columnar

A

column shaped

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28
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer

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29
Q

stratified epithelium

A

multi layered

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30
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

appears single layered but actually all attached to basal lamina

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31
Q

what is a goblet cell

A

a cell that secreted mucous

it acts as its own gland

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32
Q

endocrine gland

A

secreted into vascular system from basal end

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33
Q

exocrine gland

A

secreted into duct or tissue from apical end

34
Q

examples of soft tissue

A

tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin

35
Q

types of cartilage

A

elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline

36
Q

where does hard connective tissue receive its nutrients

A

extracellular matrix

37
Q

what are the types of bone

A

diaphysis (hard) epiphysis (softer)

38
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made of

A

ground substance - GAGs
fibres
tissue fluid

39
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

maintain extracellular matrix

40
Q

fat cell?

A

adipose

41
Q

types of muscle and funcion

A

Cardiac - walls of heart, not very striated. contains intercalated disk
skeletal - conscious control, striated and multinucleated
smooth - involuntary and lines hollow organs - no striations

42
Q

types of neuron

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar

43
Q

schwann cells?

A

PNS - support cells and produce myelin

44
Q

bipolar neuron?

A

one dendrite one axon

45
Q

pseudounipolar neuron?

A

axon in both directions

46
Q

multipolar neuron?

A

one axon many dendrites

47
Q

3 glia of CNS

A

microglia
astrocytes
oligodenrocytes

48
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Parotid
submandibular
sublingual

49
Q

which salivary gland produces most mucous

A

sublingual

50
Q

True/false: saliva has same salt content to blood

A

False - it is hypotonic

51
Q

What structural tissues compose the GI tract?

A

Mucosal layer - epithelium with basal lamina, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa - loose connective tissue
Muscularis externa - two thick layers smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal)
Serosa - outer connective tissue layer to connect and suspend tract

52
Q

Types of mucosa

A

protective
absorptive
protective and absorptive
secretory

53
Q

Name of GI nervous system

A

enteric

54
Q

name of nerve bundles in GI tract

A

Ganglia

55
Q

What is the inside of trachea lined with

A

columnar epithelial cells, grow shorter the further down. contain cilia
Goblet cells and sumucosal glands trap foreign particles

56
Q

True/false - bronchioles have hyaline cartilage

A

false- bronchi and trachea do, but bronchioles have smooth muscle

57
Q

Alveoli

A

small air sacs formed by squamous simple epithelia, share basal lamina with capillary

58
Q

Structure of liver cells to make liver?

A

lobules

59
Q

what is the portal triad

A

a branch of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct

60
Q

function of islets of langerhans

A

produce hormones such as insulin

61
Q

where are pancreatic digestive juices activated and what is contained

A

contains, lipases, proteases and nucleases. secreted into duodenum and activated there to prevent digestion of pancreas

62
Q

What is the tunica intima

A

single layer squamous epithelial cells

seperated from tunica media by internal elastic tissue

63
Q

what is the tunica media

A

smooth muscle, sometimes elastic fibres

64
Q

what is the tunica adventitia

A

supporting connective tissue

separated from tunica media by external elastic membrane

65
Q

what is the name of the blood vessels blood supply

A

vaso vasorum

66
Q

types of capillary

A

continuous (no gaps)
fenestrated (small pores)
discontinuous (large cell and basal lamina gaps)

67
Q

veins have

A

thin t.media and large t.adventitia
valves
longitudinal smooth muscle

68
Q

true/false- blood flow is regulated to capillaries

A

true - by precapillary sphincters

69
Q

lymph functions to

A

immune surveillance at lymph nodes

remove excess fluid from tissues

70
Q

composition of blood

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

71
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

around 4 months

72
Q

size and function of RBC

A

7 microns

elastic cytoskelteton to fit through small capillaries and no nucleus to supply greater oxygen to tissues

73
Q

erythrocytes made by

A

hemopoiesis

74
Q

true/false - platelets have a nucleus

A

false

75
Q

cell that makes platelets

A

megakaryocytes

76
Q

Categories of WBC

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

77
Q

Neutrophil

A

multi lobed nucleus

most common leukocyte

78
Q

basophil

A

rarest leukocyte
bilobed nucleus
effector cells in allergic reactions, containing granules with pro inflammatory mediators

79
Q

Eosinophil

A

High eosin affinity
bilobed nucleus
parasitic infection

80
Q

monocyte

A

horseshoe nucleus

involved in phagocytosis

81
Q

lymphocytes

A

non lobed nucleus
no visible granules
B&T cells
acquired immune response

MB1: Principles (10 decks)

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