Immunology

Question 1

Bcl-2

Answer 1

Anti-apoptotic protein

Decreased expression of Bcl-2 –> more susceptible to apoptosis

usually happens after inflammation

Question 2

Where does B cells mature for birds

Answer 2

bursa of Fabricius 華氏囊

Question 3

Compare small lymphocyte, lymphoblast and effector cell

Answer 3

Question 4

Where do T and B lymphocyte mature for humans

Answer 4

T: thymus(but will regress with age)

B: bone marrow，bursa，Payer’s Patches

Question 5

IL-1 / IL-6

Answer 5

IL-1: Promotes inflammatory response and fever

IL-6: promote innate immunity and elimination of pathogens

both secreted by activated macrophages

Question 6

The 3 most important APC

Which one is the most potent?

Which one(s) need(s) to be activated in advance?

Answer 6

B-cell, Macrophage, Dentritic cell (most potent)

B-cell and Macrophage need activation. Dentritic cell doesn’t

Question 7

MHC restriction and what cell

Answer 7

receptors on the surface of that cell could only recognize the antigen bound to MHC molecules.

T cells

Question 8

IL-2

Answer 8

immunoglobin that can activate the T cells by binding to its surface receptor

Question 9

Histamine

Answer 9

cause inflammation

receptors of it available on T cells

Question 10

cell adhesion molecules

Answer 10

-確保T cells and APC 可以靠得很近+strengthen the bond between CD3/TCR on T cells and MHC on APC –> effective crosstalk

Increased expression of cell-adhesion molecules allows effective cytokines or cytotoxic substances transfer

• eg CD2 and LFA-1 on T cells

Question 11

Which cell stimulate B lymphocyte by means of cytokines?

Th1? Th2? function of the other cell?

Answer 11

Th2

Th1: causing inflammation and activate macrophage

Question 12

Cytoplasmic granules performed by NK cells

Answer 12

Perforin （穿孔素）：在細胞膜上穿孔。

Granzyme （顆粒酶—）：啟動細胞 apoptosis

Question 13

ADCC

Answer 13

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

via FcγRIII（CD16）

NK cell上有 Fc receptor (FcγRIII/CD16) –> bind to Fc of antibody

1. antibody in circulation detects antigen on a cell –> binding
2. NK cell detect and bind to that antibody –> releasing cytokines 或 cytoplasmic granules，
3. Cell lysis

ADCC除了NK以外中性球酸性球巨噬細胞也可以透過此機制消滅cell，癌細胞就是這樣消滅的

Question 14

Macrophage in different Tissue (lung/CT/liver/bone/kidney/brain)

Answer 14

lung: alveolar macrophage

CT: histiocyte

liver: Kupffer cell
bone: osteoblast
kidney: mesangial cell
brain: microglial cell

Question 16

Stages of Phagocytosis on macrophage

Answer 16

1. psedopodia偽足：on the macrophage to 抓住 antigen –> 吞進去變成 phagosome
2. fuse with lysosome –> phagolysosome
3. Degradation of the antigen into smaller peptides of ~10 units
4. if it is suitable –> sent to MHC II to express to T cells

Question 17

Opsonization

Answer 17

Opsonization調理作用-透過antibody 幫忙

1. After antigen coated with appropriate antibodyà the complex binds to antibody receptor on macrophage membrane
   
   • More readily than antigen alone + enhance phagocytosis
2. 若抗原被專一性抗體 coating，則其被吞噬的機率將提高 4000 倍。(ADCC)
   
   • 不是所有抗體都有中和作用（僅少部分有中和作用的才叫中和抗體），但是所有抗體都可以進行調理作用。

Question 19

Complement proteins

Answer 19

promote inflammatory response and elimination of pathogens

secreted by activated macrophages

Question 20

Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)

Answer 20

secreted by activated macrophages

• to kill tumor cells

Question 21

What are the granulocytes? Which one attacks parasite? Which one is not phagocytic? Which one causes allergy by histamine secretion?

Answer 21

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophils

Eosinophils destroy the membrane of parasites by releasing eosinophilic substances

Basophil

Question 23

polymorphonuclear leukocyte （PNL）

Answer 23

Neutrophils

Question 24

What does cytoplamic granules of Mast cell contains?

Answer 24

肥大細胞

1. histamine(組織胺)
2. Pharmacologically active substance
3. IgE-primed (IgE binding 在mast cell或basophil上能觸發histamine的分泌)，造成allergies。

Question 25

Primary lymphatic organs

Answer 25

Bone marrow, thymus

Question 26

Stomal cell network of thymus

Answer 26

1. Epithelial cells, DCs, 和 macrophages 2. 散佈在thymus 的cortex，對於cortex的T cell是訓練師的角色，上面有著各種MHC I&II用來訓練T cell

Question 27

Nurse cell

Question 28

Hassall’s corpuscles

Answer 28

Epithelial cells and Hassall’s corpuscles分泌thymic hormones，催化T cell

Question 29

Thymic selection

Answer 29

Thymus induces the death of those T cells * that cannot recognize antigen-MHC complexes * that react with self-antigen-MHC and pose a danger of causing autoimmune diseas

Question 30

The biggest lymph node

Answer 30

Spleen

Question 31

Where are Bcells and T cells located in lymph node?

Answer 31

B- cells: cortex Plasma cells: medulla T-cells: paracortex Macrophage: Medullary sinus

Question 32

how is lymph go into blood stream

Answer 32

right upper part: drain into **right lymphatic duct** rest of the body: drain into **throracic duct** **_both of the ducts drain into superior vena cava_**

Question 33

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath(PALS)

Answer 33

where T-cells mainly locate in spleen

Question 34

red and white pulps of speen

Answer 34

red pulp: recycling wasted RBC white pulp: training immune cells

Question 35

Recombination signal sequence (RSS)

Answer 35

-Protein complex containing recombination activator Rag-1 and Rag-2 Exist at the end of each segment - 連接VD、DJ、VJ之間的橋樑， - divided into one-turn RSS & two-turn RSS： one-turn RSS：中間是12bp，右邊e有7對AT-rich(含氮鹼基)(Palindromic heptamer)，左邊有9對(nonamer) two-turn RSS：中間是23bp，右邊有9對含氮鹼基(nonamer)，左邊有7對(heptamer) ※**原則：one-turn RSS一定要配two-turn RSS**

Question 36

P-nucleotide addition N-nucleotide addition

Answer 36

Question 37

TdT enzymes

Answer 37

- For N-addition occured in recombination of heavy chain of antibody

Question 38

somatic hypermutation

Answer 38

(1) 原本已經重排重組好，但突然發生突變Mutation的現象 (2) presence of antigen increases the mutataion chance (2) 發生於Germinal center，可以說是B cell最後增加多樣性的機會。 (3) Mutation rate突變率: 10^-3/bp/division per every2 cell divisionà at least one

Question 39

Allelic exclusion

Answer 39

- when the gene from one allele is expressed sucessfully, it would prevent the expression of the other. ## Footnote 1. B cell會收到分別來自父母(母為Maternal,父為paternal)的κ、λ、及heavy chain(H)。 2. 當要合成anti-body時，就只會選一個heavy-chain(父或母) 細胞的篩選從heavy chain開始選，記得每個gene都有兩種alllele可以試(一個from爸一個from媽)，若全都不行則淘汰(後面也是一樣) κ、λ of light chain隨後加入篩選，直到挑中為止（先會用k，不行再用λ） note tha**_t cell death_** is incurred once non-productive alleles happen for twice for the same chain!!!

Question 40

HLA H-2

Answer 40

MHC (gene) for humans and mice respectively

Question 41

anchor residue

Answer 41

anchor residues: amino acid residues that are complementary with the binding cleft and anchor the peptide into the groove of the MHC molecule. 1. MHC I最愛的peptide長度是**9 aa.(nonameric peptide)** 然後2nd & 9th aa.向下陷落成**anchor residues(****屬於****hydrophobic****型)**

Question 42

IL-2

Answer 42

a protein cytokine, (autocrine) released by activated T-cell, binds to IL-2R on its self-membrane. 使細胞進入mitosis，並開始增生成memory cells / effector cells （for more effective the vaccine, the more memory cell is differentiated