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immunology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Bcl-2

A

Anti-apoptotic protein

Decreased expression of Bcl-2 –> more susceptible to apoptosis

usually happens after inflammation

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2
Q

Where does B cells mature for birds

A

bursa of Fabricius 華氏囊

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3
Q

Compare small lymphocyte, lymphoblast and effector cell

A
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4
Q

Where do T and B lymphocyte mature for humans

A

T: thymus(but will regress with age)

B: bone marrow，bursa，Payer’s Patches

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5
Q

IL-1 / IL-6

A

IL-1: Promotes inflammatory response and fever

IL-6: promote innate immunity and elimination of pathogens

both secreted by activated macrophages

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6
Q

The 3 most important APC

Which one is the most potent?

Which one(s) need(s) to be activated in advance?

A

B-cell, Macrophage, Dentritic cell (most potent)

B-cell and Macrophage need activation. Dentritic cell doesn’t

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7
Q

MHC restriction and what cell

A

receptors on the surface of that cell could only recognize the antigen bound to MHC molecules.

T cells

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8
Q

IL-2

A

immunoglobin that can activate the T cells by binding to its surface receptor

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9
Q

Histamine

A

cause inflammation

receptors of it available on T cells

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10
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

-確保T cells and APC 可以靠得很近+strengthen the bond between CD3/TCR on T cells and MHC on APC –> effective crosstalk

Increased expression of cell-adhesion molecules allows effective cytokines or cytotoxic substances transfer

  • eg CD2 and LFA-1 on T cells
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11
Q

Which cell stimulate B lymphocyte by means of cytokines?

Th1? Th2? function of the other cell?

A

Th2

Th1: causing inflammation and activate macrophage

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic granules performed by NK cells

A

Perforin （穿孔素）：在細胞膜上穿孔。

Granzyme （顆粒酶—）：啟動細胞 apoptosis

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13
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

via FcγRIII（CD16）

NK cell上有 Fc receptor (FcγRIII/CD16) –> bind to Fc of antibody

  1. antibody in circulation detects antigen on a cell –> binding
  2. NK cell detect and bind to that antibody –> releasing cytokines 或 cytoplasmic granules，
  3. Cell lysis

ADCC除了NK以外中性球酸性球巨噬細胞也可以透過此機制消滅cell，癌細胞就是這樣消滅的

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14
Q

Macrophage in different Tissue (lung/CT/liver/bone/kidney/brain)

A

lung: alveolar macrophage

CT: histiocyte

liver: Kupffer cell
bone: osteoblast
kidney: mesangial cell
brain: microglial cell

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Stages of Phagocytosis on macrophage

A
  1. psedopodia偽足：on the macrophage to 抓住 antigen –> 吞進去變成 phagosome
  2. fuse with lysosome –> phagolysosome
  3. Degradation of the antigen into smaller peptides of ~10 units
  4. if it is suitable –> sent to MHC II to express to T cells
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17
Q

Opsonization

A

Opsonization調理作用-透過antibody 幫忙

  1. After antigen coated with appropriate antibodyà the complex binds to antibody receptor on macrophage membrane
    • More readily than antigen alone + enhance phagocytosis
  2. 若抗原被專一性抗體 coating，則其被吞噬的機率將提高 4000 倍。(ADCC)
    • 不是所有抗體都有中和作用（僅少部分有中和作用的才叫中和抗體），但是所有抗體都可以進行調理作用。
18
Q
A
19
Q

Complement proteins

A

promote inflammatory response and elimination of pathogens

secreted by activated macrophages

20
Q

Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)

A

secreted by activated macrophages

  • to kill tumor cells
21
Q

What are the granulocytes? Which one attacks parasite? Which one is not phagocytic? Which one causes allergy by histamine secretion?

A

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophils

Eosinophils destroy the membrane of parasites by releasing eosinophilic substances

Basophil

22
Q
A
23
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocyte （PNL）

A

Neutrophils

24
Q

What does cytoplamic granules of Mast cell contains?

A

肥大細胞

  1. histamine(組織胺)
  2. Pharmacologically active substance
  3. IgE-primed (IgE binding 在mast cell或basophil上能觸發histamine的分泌)，造成allergies。
25
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Bone marrow, thymus

26
Q

Stomal cell network of thymus

A
  1. Epithelial cells, DCs, 和 macrophages
  2. 散佈在thymus 的cortex，對於cortex的T cell是訓練師的角色，上面有著各種MHC I&II用來訓練T cell
27
Q

Nurse cell

A
28
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles

A

Epithelial cells and Hassall’s corpuscles分泌thymic hormones，催化T cell

29
Q

Thymic selection

A

Thymus induces the death of those T cells

  • that cannot recognize antigen-MHC complexes
  • that react with self-antigen-MHC and pose a danger of causing autoimmune diseas
30
Q

The biggest lymph node

A

Spleen

31
Q

Where are Bcells and T cells located in lymph node?

A

B- cells: cortex

Plasma cells: medulla

T-cells: paracortex

Macrophage: Medullary sinus

32
Q

how is lymph go into blood stream

A

right upper part: drain into right lymphatic duct

rest of the body: drain into throracic duct

both of the ducts drain into superior vena cava

33
Q

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath(PALS)

A

where T-cells mainly locate in spleen

34
Q

red and white pulps of speen

A

red pulp: recycling wasted RBC

white pulp: training immune cells

35
Q

Recombination signal sequence (RSS)

A

-Protein complex containing recombination activator Rag-1 and Rag-2

Exist at the end of each segment

  • 連接VD、DJ、VJ之間的橋樑，
  • divided into one-turn RSS & two-turn RSS：

one-turn RSS：中間是12bp，右邊e有7對AT-rich(含氮鹼基)(Palindromic heptamer)，左邊有9對(nonamer)

two-turn RSS：中間是23bp，右邊有9對含氮鹼基(nonamer)，左邊有7對(heptamer)

※原則：one-turn RSS一定要配two-turn RSS

36
Q

P-nucleotide addition

N-nucleotide addition

A
37
Q

TdT enzymes

A
  • For N-addition occured in recombination of heavy chain of antibody
38
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

(1) 原本已經重排重組好，但突然發生突變Mutation的現象
(2) presence of antigen increases the mutataion chance
(2) 發生於Germinal center，可以說是B cell最後增加多樣性的機會。
(3) Mutation rate突變率: 10-3/bp/division per every2 cell divisionà at least one

39
Q

Allelic exclusion

A
  • when the gene from one allele is expressed sucessfully, it would prevent the expression of the other.

  1. B cell會收到分別來自父母(母為Maternal,父為paternal)的κ、λ、及heavy chain(H)。
  2. 當要合成anti-body時，就只會選一個heavy-chain(父或母)

細胞的篩選從heavy chain開始選，記得每個gene都有兩種alllele可以試(一個from爸一個from媽)，若全都不行則淘汰(後面也是一樣)

κ、λ of light chain隨後加入篩選，直到挑中為止（先會用k，不行再用λ）

note that cell death is incurred once non-productive alleles happen for twice for the same chain!!!

40
Q

HLA

H-2

A

MHC (gene) for humans and mice respectively

41
Q

anchor residue

A

anchor residues: amino acid residues that are complementary with the binding cleft and anchor the peptide into the groove of the MHC molecule.

  1. MHC I最愛的peptide長度是9 aa.(nonameric peptide) 然後2nd & 9th aa.向下陷落成anchor residues(屬於hydrophobic型)
42
Q

IL-2

A

a protein cytokine, (autocrine) released by activated T-cell, binds to IL-2R on its self-membrane.

使細胞進入mitosis，並開始增生成memory cells / effector cells （for more effective the vaccine, the more memory cell is differentiated

immunology (6 decks)

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