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KCU Comprehensive Exam > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do warm blooded, long lived animals require complex immune defenses?

A

infectious agents such as bacteria can divide rapidly in warm blooded creatures

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2
Q

How many bacteria are there in the world?

A

4-6x10^30

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3
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A

gram positive has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while gram negative does not

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4
Q

Describe the innate immune response

A 
rapid response (min to hrs)
limited variability of effector mechanisms 
nonspecific 
no memory (no maturation of repeated response)
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5
Q

describe the adaptive immune response

A

slow response (days to weeks)
B cells and T cells are highly selective
specific
memory, maturation of secondary response

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6
Q

neutrophil morphology and effector function

A

polymorphonuclear, phagocytosis and digestion of microbes

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7
Q

eosinophils morphology and effector function

A

polymorphonuclear, allergic reactions and defense against helminths

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8
Q

basophils morphology and effector function

A

polymorphonuclear, allergic reactions

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9
Q

mast cells morphology and effector function

A

polymorphonuclear, allergic reactions

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10
Q

monocytes morphology and effector function

A

mononuclear, circulating macrophage precursors

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11
Q

macrophages morphology and effector function

A

mononuclear, phagocytosis and digestion of microbes, antigen presentation

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12
Q

How does immune responses of the innate immune system provide natural immunity against microorganisms?

A

phagocytosis and intracellular killing
recruitment of other inflammatory cells
presentation of antigens

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13
Q

_________ include neutrophils, monocytes and tissue macrophages, eosinophils and natural killer (NK) cells which are _______

A

leukocytes, lymphocytes

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14
Q

What is the pattern recognition receptor of gram positive bacteria?

A

TLR2

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15
Q

What is the pattern recognition receptor of gram negative bacteria?

A

TLR4

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16
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer ligand

A

lipopeptides, GPI

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17
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer microorganism recognized

A

bacteria, parasites

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18
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer cells carrying receptor

A

monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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19
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer cellular location of receptor

A

plamsa membrane

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20
Q

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer ligands

A

lipoteichoic acid, zymosan

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21
Q

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer microorganisms recognized

A

gram positive bacteria, yeasts (fungi)

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22
Q

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer cell carrying receptor

A

monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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23
Q

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer cellular location of receptors

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

TLR3 ligand

A

double stranded viral RNA

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25
Q

TLR3 microorganisms recognized

A

viruses

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26
Q

TLR3 cells carrying receptors

A

NK cells

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27
Q

TLR3 cellular location of receptor

A

endoscopes

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28
Q

TLR4: TLR4 heterodimer ligand

A

lipopolysaccharide

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29
Q

TLR4: TLR4 heterodimer microorganism recognized

A

gram negative bacteria

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30
Q

TLR4: TLR4 heterodimer cells carrying receptors

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils

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31
Q

TLR4: TLR4 heterodimer cellular location of receptor

A

plasma membrane

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32
Q

TLR5 ligand

A

flagellin

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33
Q

TLR5 microorganisms recognized

A

motile bacteria having a flagellum

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34
Q

TLR5 cells carrying receptors

A

intestinal epithelium

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35
Q

TLR5 cellular location of receptor

A

plasma membrane

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36
Q

TLR7 ligand

A

single stranded viral RNAs

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37
Q

TLR7 microorganism recognized

A

viruses

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38
Q

TLR7 cells carrying receptor

A

plasmacytoid dendritic cells, NK cells, eosinophils, B cells

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39
Q

TLR7 cellular location of receptor

A

endosomes

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40
Q

TLR8 ligand

A

single stranded viral RNAs

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41
Q

TLR8 microorganisms recognized

A

viruses

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42
Q

TLR8 cells carrying receptor

A

NK cells

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43
Q

TLR8 cellular location of receptor

44
Q

TLR9 ligands

A

unmethylated CpG-rich DNA

45
Q

TLR9 microorganisms recognized

46
Q

TLR9 cells carrying receptors

A

plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B cells, eosinophils, basophils

47
Q

TLR9 cellular location of receptor

48
Q

TLR10 homodimer and heterodimers with TLR1 and 2 ligand

49
Q

TLR10 homodimer and heterodimers with TLR1 and 2 microorganisms recognized

50
Q

TLR10 homodimer and heterodimers with TLR1 and 2 cells carrying receptor

A

plasmacytoid dendritic cells, basophils, eosinophils, B cells

51
Q

TLR10 homodimer and heterodimers with TLR1 and 2 cellular location of receptor

52
Q

REVIEW COMPLEMENT AND INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

53
Q

_______ are the first cells to arrive at the site of tissue damage in the innate immune response

A

neutrophils

54
Q

activation of neutrophils leads to what?

A

respiratory bursts and release of granules

55
Q

______ engulf organism by phagocytosis and release many inflammatory mediators

A

macrophages

56
Q

review mechanisms of phagocytosis

57
Q

______ is a cytokine of both innate and adaptive immunity

58
Q

TNF principal source

A

macrophages, T cells

59
Q

TNF principal cellular targets and biological effects

A 
endothelial cells: activation 
neutrophils: activation 
hypothalamus: fever
liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
muscle, fat: catabolism 
many cell types: apoptosis
60
Q

Interleukin (IL-1) principal source

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

61
Q

Interleukin (IL-1) principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

endothelial cells: activation

hypothalamus: fever
liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins

62
Q

chemokine principal cell source

A

macrophages, endothelia cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets

63
Q

chemokine principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

leukocytes: chemotaxis, activation

64
Q

IL-12 principal cell source

A

macrophages, dendritic cells

65
Q

IL-12 principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesis, increased cytolytic activity
T cells: Th1 differentiation

66
Q

Type I IFNs (alpha and beta) principal source

A

alpha: macrophages
beta: fibroblasts

67
Q

Type I IFNs principal cellular targets and biological effects

A 
all cells: antiviral state, increased class I MHC expression
NK cells: activation
68
Q

IFN-gamma principal cell source

A

NK cells, T lymphocytes

69
Q

IFN-gamma principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

activation of macrophages

stimulation of some antibody response

70
Q

IL-10 cell source

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells

71
Q

IL-10 principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

macrophageS: inhibition of IL-12 production, reduced expression of costimulators and class II MHC

72
Q

IL-6 cell source

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells

73
Q

IL-6 principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins

B cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells

74
Q

IL- 15 cell source

A

macrophages, other

75
Q

IL-15 principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

NK cells and T cells: proliferation

76
Q

IL-18 cell source

A

macrophages

77
Q

IL-18 principal cellular targets and biological effects

A

NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesis

78
Q

What is an important bride between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

pathogen recognition through PRRs which causes activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells (APC). APC processed antigen is presented to naive T cells and then secreted cytokines asset development maturation of T cell

79
Q

What immunity is a B cell and what is its function?

A

adaptive, humoral immunity

80
Q

What immunity is a plasma cell and what is its function?

A

adaptive, Ab-producing cell

81
Q

What immunity is a T cell and what is its function?

A

adaptive, cell mediated responses

82
Q

What immunity is a NK cells and what is its function?

A

innate, anti-viral and anti bacterial

83
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A

mediated by thymus dependent lymphocytes called T lymphocytes

84
Q

describe humoral immunity

A

mediated by antidotes produced by B lymphocytes

85
Q

______ lymphocytes develop from precursors during lifetime

86
Q

all _____ lymphocytes are generated in the thymus during fetal stage

87
Q

describe TH1 cells

A

produced IFN-gamma that activates macrophages to destroy microbes

88
Q

describe TH2 cells

A

produce IL-4, 5, 10

89
Q

describe cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

A

kill host cells that are haboring infectious microbes in the cytoplasm

90
Q

where are MHC class 1 expressed

A

all nucleated cells of body, including professional APCs

91
Q

where are MHC class 2 expressed

A

professional APC only

92
Q

CD4 and CD8 bind ___ on APCs

A

MHC molecules (not Ag!)

93
Q

T cell receptors has two binding chains alpha and beta, that do what?

94
Q

What does the Ag interact with on the class II MHC molecule

A

alpha1 and beta1 domains

95
Q

what does the Ag interact with on the class I MHC molecule?

A

alpha1 and alpha2 dominos

96
Q

What are the properties of MHC molecules?

A

codominant expression: both paternal alleys of each MHC gene are expressed
polymorphic genes: many different alleys are present in the population
MHC expressing cell types

97
Q

costimulation of what is required in the activation of CD4 T cells?

A

B7-CD28 costimulation

98
Q

If IL-12 is produced by macrophages and DCs what happens

A

TH1 cells differentiate

99
Q

if no IL-12 is not produced by what is made?

100
Q

What part of the Ab confers Ag recogniton

A

variable region, F(ab’) 2

101
Q

what part of the Ab interacts with cell surface receptors

A

constant region, Fc

102
Q

IgA function

A

mucosal immunity, neontal passive immunity

103
Q

IgD function

A

naive B cell Ag recognition

104
Q

IgG function

A

oposination, complement activation, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, neonatal immunity, feedback inhibition of B cells

105
Q

IgM function

A

naive B cell antigen receptor, complement activation

KCU Comprehensive Exam (13 decks)

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