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MCAT BB > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Agraonulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

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2
Q

GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) organs

A

Tonsils, Adenoids, Peyer’s patches, Appendix

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3
Q

Neutrophils

A
  1. Phagocytic
  2. Short-lived (≤5 days)
  3. Target bacteria, even those that have been opsonized, by chemotaxis
  4. Dead neutrophils = pus
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4
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. Bright red-orange granules
  2. Allergic reaction & invasive parasitic infections
  3. Activation releases histamine, causing inflammation
  4. Vasodilation and blood vessels more leaky, lead to more immune cells move to affected tissue
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5
Q

Basophils

A
  1. Allergic reactions
  2. Release histamine
  3. Least populated
  4. Related to mast cells
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6
Q

Mast cells

A
  1. Smaller granules but closely related to basophils
  2. In tissues, mucosa, epithelium
  3. Release histamine
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7
Q

Different names for macrophages in different locations

A
  1. CNS: Microglia
  2. Skin: Langerhans cells
  3. Bone: Osteoclasts
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8
Q

Defensins

A

Antibacterial enzymes on the skin

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9
Q

Complement system

A

Proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria. Punches hole in cell wall of bacteria. Has two pathways of action

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10
Q

Complement system pathways

A
  1. Classical pathway: requires binding of an antibody to a pathogen
  2. Alternative pathway: does not require antibodies
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11
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins that prevent viral replication & dispersion. Upregulates MHC Class I and II molecules (to present more antigens).

Causes nearby cells to:

  1. Decrease production of both viral and cellular proteins
  2. Decrease permeability
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12
Q

Actions of Macrophages

A
  1. Phagocyte the invader via endocytosis
  2. Digest the invader
  3. Present a tiny bit to other cells vis MHC
  4. Release cytokinesis
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13
Q

NK Cells

A

Detect downregulation of MHC (that are often caused by viruses)

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14
Q

Suppressor T-cells

A
  1. Express Foxp3 and CD4
  2. Help tone down immune response once infection is controlled
  3. Self-tolerance: turn off self-reactive lymphocytes
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15
Q

Helper T cells: types, actions

A
  1. Th1: release IFN-𝛾, promote macrophages (common in bacterial infection)
  2. Th2: activate more B-cells (more in parasitic)
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16
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Equalize fluid distribution
  2. Transport fats and fat-soluble compounds in chylomicrons
  3. Provide sites for mounting immune responses
17
Q

Lacteals

A

small lymphatic vessels in center of each villus in small intestine. Fats in chylomicrons travel here for transport

18
Q

Chyle

A

milky white lymphatic fluid carrying many chylomicrons

19
Q

Germinal centers

A

collection where B-cells proliferate and mature

MCAT BB (7 decks)

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