Biochemistry Flashcards
Noncometitive Inhibition
Decreases vmax, same Km
Uncompetitive Inhibition
Bind to enzyme-substrate complex. Lower both vmax and Km
Mixed inhibition
Lower vmax. Can bind to either enzyme or ES. If bind more to ES: lower Km. If bind more to enzyme, increase Km.
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
- Cadherins
- Integrins
- Selectins
Cadherins
calcium-dependent adhesion, hold similar cell types together
Integrins
- Have 2-membrane spanning chains (a and b).
- Important in cellular signaling, promote cell division/apoptosis/other process
- Can be used to activate platelets, white blood cell migration, stabilization of epithelium on its basement membrane
Selectins
Bind to carbohydrate molecules that project from other cell surfaces.
- Expressed on WBC and endothelial cells that line blood vessels
- Role in host defense, including inflammation and WBC migration
Isoelectric focusing
Basic gel at positive anode, acidic gel at negative cathode
Lowry reagent assay
Determine level of protein using copper ions getting reduced to tungsten blue
a vs. b anomer
a: anomeric carbon OH group on opposite side of ring as the CH2OH group on C6.
b: on same side
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
- Sucrose: glucose-a-1,2-fructose
- Lactose: galactose-b-1,4-glucose
- Maltose: glucose-a-1,4-glucose
Vitamin A (carotene)
retinal, rentinoic acid
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
calcitriol in kidneys, Ca and P homeostasis in intestines, cause rickets
Vitamin E (tocopherols)
Biological antioxidants
Vitamin K (phylloquinone/menaquinones)
important for forming prothrombin
Eukaryotic DNA polymerases
- DNA polymerase a: synthesize new DNA with polymerase d
- DNA polymerase b: DNA repair
- DNA polymerase gamma: Replicate mitochondrial DNA
- DNA polymerase delta: Synthesize new DNA with polymerase a, fill in gaps after RNA removal with DNA, assisted by PCNA that assemble into trimer for sliding clamp DNA
- polymerase epsilon: DNA repair, assisted by PCNA that assemble into trimer for sliding clamp
RNA Polymerase Types
- RNA polymerase I: located in nucleolus, synthesizes rRNA
- RNA polymerase II: located in nucleus, synthesizes hnRNA (heterogenous, pre-processed mRNA) and some snRNA
- RNA polymerase III: located in nucleus, synthesizes tRNA and some rRNA
Histone acetylation
Transcription enhanced
Osmotic pressure
𝛱 = iMRT
Nernst equation
E = (61.5/z)(outside ion/inside ion conc)
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation
Applies nernst equation to find that Vm is related to permeability as well (look at notes)
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Has high level of cardiolipin, which does not have cholesterol
Functions of NADPH
- Biosynthesis (mainly FA and cholesterol)
- Assist in bleach production in certain WBC
- Maintain supply of reduced glutathione to protect against reactive oxygen species
Glutathione
Reducing agent that can help reverse radical formation before damage is done to cell