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AY Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are basophils and eosinophils found and what do they do?

A

Circulate in blood

Recruited to sites of infection

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2
Q

What do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils secrete?

A

Release chemicals such as histamine, heparin and cytokines

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3
Q

What do phagocytise cells do?

A

Ingest and kill Bactria and fungi

Clear debris from dead/dying tissues

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4
Q

Where are neutrophils found and what do they do?

A

Circulate freely in blood

Rapidly recruited into inflamed and infected tissues

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5
Q

What do monocytes/macrophages do?

A

Help limit inflammation
Tissue repair and wound healing
Involves in antigen presentation

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6
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Mature and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues and stimulate antigen presentation (adaptive immune response)

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7
Q

What are NK cells and what do they do?

A

Large granular lymphocytes
Kill tumour cells and virally infected cels
Kill anitbody bound cells/pathogens

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8
Q

What are B cells responsible for?

A

Production of antibodies

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9
Q

What is primary lymphoid tissue the site of?

A

Leukocyte development

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10
Q

What is secondary lymphoid tissue the site of?

A

Where adaptive immune responses are initiated

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11
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

System of vessels draining fluid from body tissues

Lymph nodes are initiated regularly along lymph vessels - remove pathogens and antigens from lymph

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12
Q

2 mechanisms of common cation in the immune system?

A

Direct contact

Indirect contact

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13
Q

What is the interaction between in direct contact?

A

Receptor:Ligand interactions

Receptor if immune cell, ligand of pathogen

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14
Q

What is indirect contact?

A

Production and secretion of cytokines

Injured tissue cells and activated immune cells can produce and secrete cytokines

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15
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Diverse collection of small proteins and peptides produced in response to infection

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16
Q

What is the general function of cytokines?

A

Coordinate immune system by ,ovulating behaviour of cells

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17
Q

Examples of cytokines?

A

Interferons
TNF
Chemotherapy
Interleukins

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18
Q

Functions of interferons

A

Antiviral functions

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19
Q

Function of TNF

A

Pro inflammatory

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20
Q

Function of chemokines

A

Control and direct cell migration

21
Q

Local response to infection

A 
Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumour (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Functio laesa (loss of function)
22
Q

3 phases in response to invading pathogens

A

Recognition
Activation
Effector

23
Q

What happens in regonitiom phase?

A

PRRs (pattern-recognition receptors)

Pathogen associated mole

24
Q

IgA

A

2nd most abundant Ig type
Monomeric form - blood
Dimeric - great milk, saliva, tears, mucosal secretions

25
Q

IgD

A

Extremely low levels in blood

Surface bound = BCR

26
Q

IgE

A

Extremely low levels normally

Produced in response to parasitic infection and allergic responses

27
Q

IgG

A

Most abundant Ig in plasma
Actively transported across placenta
4 subtypes

28
Q

IgM

A

Surface bound monomer = BCR
1st Ig type produced in an immune response
( pentamer - present only in plasma/secretions)

29
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

Encounter with antigen within lymph nodes
If signalled by T lymphocytes B cells rapidly proliferate
Differentiate

30
Q

Function of antibodies

A

Identify pathogens
Recruit other immune components (complement, phagocytes, NK cells)
Neutralise toxins
Particularly important in defence against bacteria

31
Q

Defect of haemopoetic stem cells

A

Reticular dysgenesis

32
Q

Defects of lymphoid precursors

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Failure of production of lymphocytes

33
Q

Clinical features of SCID

A 
Unwell by 3 months old 
Persistent diarrhoea 
Failure to thrive 
Continuous infections 
Unusual skin disease 
Family history of early infant death
34
Q

How long does maternal IgG protect baby for?

A

3 months

35
Q

Most common form of SCID

A

X-linked SCID
Mutation of IL-2 receptor (inability to respond to cytokines)!
Produces immature B cells

36
Q

Treatment for SCID

A

Prophylactic
- avoid infections (antibiotics, antifungals, no vaccine)
- aggressive treatment of existing infections
- antibody replacement (IV immunoglobulin)
Definitive
- stem cell transplant (sibling)
- gene therapy

37
Q

What is DiGeorge syndrome?

A 
Chromosomal deletion 
Congenital heart defects 
Cleft palate 
Hypoparathyroidism 
Psychiatric disorders
38
Q

Clinical presentation of DiGeorge syndrome

A

Funny looking kid

  • low set folded ears
  • high forehead
  • cleft palate, small mouth & jaw
  • hypocalcaemia
  • oesophageal atresia
  • T cell lymphophopenia
  • congenital heart disease
39
Q

Investigations for DiGeorge syndrome

A

Absent or decreased T cells
Normal or increased B cells
Normal NK cell numbers

40
Q

Management of DiGeorge syndrome

A

Prophylactic antibiotics
Aggressive treatment of infection
Immunoglobulin replacement
T cell function improves with age

41
Q

Disorders of T cell effector function

A

Cytokines production
Cytotoxicity
T-B cell communication

42
Q

Infections caused by issues with IL12 gIFN network

A

TB
Atypical mycobacteria
BCG infection after immunisation
Deep fungal infections (e.g. Aspergillus)

43
Q

Where are mast cells found and what do they do?

A

Reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

44
Q

Clinical features of common variable immune deficiency

A

Recurrent bacterial infections
Autoimmune disease
Granulomatous disease

45
Q

What does CRP show?.

A

Degree if inflammation

46
Q

Functions of complement

A 
Opsonisation 
Inflammation
Chemotaxis 
Membrane attack complex 
Clearance of immune complexes
47
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance which can cause an adaptive immune response by activating B cells and T cells

48
Q

Where do adaptive immune responses occur?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

AY Principles (11 decks)

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