Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What does the CNS consist of?
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
What does the ANS consist of?
A
Everything except the brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What is cartillage?
A
Less rigid than bone
4
Q
3 types of joints?
A
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
5
Q
2 types of fibrous joints
A
Sutures
Fibrous sheets
6
Q
Where are sutures found?
A
Between skull bones
7
Q
Example of fibrous joint
A
Interosseous membrane (between radius & ulna)
8
Q
2 types of cartilaginous joints
A
Primary
Secondary
9
Q
Which kind of joints can “slip”?
A
Cartilaginous
slipped disc, slipped femoral epiphysic
10
Q
Example of primary cartilaginous joints
A
`Epiphyseal growth plate (ossifies after gorwth is complete)
11
Q
Example of secondary cartilagenous joint
A
iNTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
12
Q
What are fontanelles?
A
Wide sutures in the neonatal skull
13
Q
What is ‘moulding’?
A
The overlap of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones when a baby is being squeezed through the birth canal
14
Q
2 layers of intervertebral discs
A
Anulus Fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
15
Q
What covers the articulating surfaces in synovial joints?
A
Hyaline cartillage
16
Q
What are the 2 layers of the capsule hat wraps around syovial joints?
A
a superficial strong fibrous layer
a deeper synovial membrane layer to secrete synovial fluid
17
Q
What is the joint cavity?
A
The space witin the joint capsule
18
Q
What supports synovial joints?
A
Ligament (connect bone to boone)
19
Q
What are tendons?
A
Fibrous bands that connect skeletal muscle to bone
20
Q
What is the purpose of bursae?
A
Stop friction
21
Q
What are the 2 types of bursae in synovial joint?
A
synovial fluid-filled extensions of the joint capsule
Closed sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid near to but separate from the joint cavity
22
Q
5 types of synovial joint
A
Pivot Plane Hinge Biaxial Ball & socket
23
Q
Example of pivot joint
A
superior park of neck (saking head)
24
Q
Example of plane joint?
A
acromioclavicular joint (minimal movement in one plane)
25
Example of hinge joint?
Elbow
26
Example of biaxial joint?
In hands & feet (one plane)
27
Example of ball & socket joint?
Hip joint
28
Joints ranked most stable to least stable
Fibrous > cartilaginous > synovial
29
What is subluxation?
Reduc ed area of contact between articular surfaces
30
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
31
What does dislocation damage?
Arteries around a bone
32
What is the special adaptation of the TMJ's?
Articular disc
33
Why are pathologies affecting joints so painful?
There is a good sensory nerve supply to the joints
34
Through what process do long bones of the body develop?
Endochondral ossification
35
When does bone growth stop?
When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies
36
Layers of the bones
Outer cortex
| Inner medulla
37
What is the medulla?
Bone marrow (site of red & white blood cell production)
38
What part of the bone is torn in a fracture that is extremely painful?
Periosteum (sensory nerve fibres)
39
What are the stages of fracture healing?
Fracture
Callus of new bone surrounds fracture layer
Callus remodelling
healeed
40
How are tuberosities formed?
An adjacent structure presses against a developing bone
41
Where is the styloid process?
The wrist
42
Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
The shoulder
43
Where is the medial malleolus?
The aankle
44
Where is the less trochanter?
The top of the femur
45
Where is the femoral condyle?
The knee
46
Where is the tibial tuberostiy?
Just below the knee
47
How many foramen are on the floor of the cranial cavity?
3
48
What are the bones of the aial skeleton?
The bones of the skull
The bones of the neck
The bones of the trunk
49
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle
Bones of the upper limbs
Bones of tje pelvic girdle
Bones of the lower limb
50
What is the bone at the back of the skull?
Occipital
51
What are the 2 big bones on the tp of the skull at either side?
Left & Right parietal
52
What are the 2 bones at your temples?
Sphenoid bones
53
What are the bones just behind the sphenoid bone?
Temporal bone
54
What is the large bone at the front of your skull?
The frontal bone
55
What bone is the jaw?
The maindible
56
Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
The zygomatic bone
57
What bone lies below the zygoma?
The maxilla
58
Wht are the 3 fractures of the facial skeleton called?
Le Fort I, II & III
59
What are the vertebrae of the spine?
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
```
60
What are the process of a vertebrae?
Spinous process (top)
Superior & inferior atricular processes
Transverse processes
61
What is C1 called?
Atlas
62
What is C2 called?
Axis
63
Why does C1 not have a body?
Because C2 stole it to form the odontoid process
64
What is the first readily palpable spinous process?
C7
65
What are the rue ribs?
Ribs 1-6
66
What are the false ribs?
7-10
67
What are the floating fibs?
11 & 12
68
Which ribs protect the liver?
7-11 (Beyonce)
69
Which ribs protect the spleen?
9-11 (Terrorist)
70
What is the pectoral girdle?
The 2 scapulae & 2 clavicles
71
What is the pelvic girdle?
The 2 hip bones & the sacrum
72
What bones are in the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
73
What bones are in the fingers?
Phalanges
74
What are the bones of the wrist?
```
S - scaphoid
L - lunate
T - triquetrium
P - pisifprm
T - trapezium
T - trapezoid
C - capitate
H - Hamate
```
75
What bone is your heel?
Calcaneus
76
What bone sits on top of the calcaneus?
Talus
77
What bone sits infront of the talus?
Navicular
78
What bones sit in front of the navicular?
Cuneiforms
79
What does skeletal muscle look like histologically?
Striated
80
What is a muscle nerve supply known as?
Paralysed
81
What is spacisity?
Muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
the descending from the brain are not working
on examination the muscle would have increased tone
82
What is muscle atrophy?
Myocytes become smaller de to inactivity
83
How many muscle compartments does the thigh have?
3
84
How many muscle compartments do the leg, arm and forearm have individually?
2
85
What are the gonads?
Reproductive organs
86
What the male gamete?
spermatozoa
87
What is the female gamete?
Oocyte
88
3 layers of the wall of the uterus?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Andometrium
89
Where does fertilisation of the ovum occur?
The ampulla of the uterine tube
90
Whre does implantation of the zygote occur?
Body of the uterus
91
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
The fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity
92
Where do the testes orginially develop embryologically?
The abdominal cavity
93
What is the vas deferens?
Tube that connects the testis the the urethra
94
What temperature does spermatogenesis occur?
1 degree below core body temperature
95
What is the muscle in the superficial fascia of the scrotum caalled?
The dartos muscle
96
What is in the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
97
how do the vas deferens pass through the abdominal wall?
In the left inguinal canal
98
At what level does the larynx become the trachea and the pharync become the oesophagus?
C6 vertebrae
99
What supports the wall of the tracha and bronchi?
Hyaline cartillage
100
What are the parts of the larynx?
The epiglottis
the thyroid cartillage
the 2 arytenoid cartillages
101
What do the tonsils do?
Produce white blood cells to defend agaionst infectikon
102
where s the condylar process?
at the TMJ's
103
What muscle prevents drooling?
Orbicularis oris
104
What is the muscle of the cheek called?
Buccinator
105
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Area of pharynx that lies posterior to the larynx and between the spiglottis & oesophagus
106
What are the main endocrine glands in the head?
Hypothalamus
| Pituitary gland
107
Main endocrine glands in the neck?
Parathyroidglands
| The thyroid gland
108
Main endocrine glands in the abdomen?
2 Adrenal glands & the pancreas
109
Main endocrine gland in the pelvis (female)?
2 ovaries
110
Main endocrine glands in the perineum?
2 testes
111
Where is the hypothalamus?
mid-brain after the pons
112
Where is the pituitary gland?
Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bones
113
What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary?
Infundibulum
114
What does the posteroir pituitary produce?
Oxytocin
| Vasopressin (ADH)`
115
What does the anterior pituitary produce?
```
GH
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
```
116
What is the portal system in the brain called?
The hypophyseal portal system
117
What is the thyroid gland attached to?
The larynx
118
What does the thyroid gland use to manufactue T3 & T4?
Iodine
119
What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?
Goitre
120
What controls the amount of calcium in the blood?
PTH
121
Does the pituitary gland control PTH?
No.
122
What does to adrenal cortex secrete?
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androens
123
What controls release of glucocorticoids?
Pituitary ACTH control
124
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Adrenaline
| Noradrenaline
125
What is the myelin sheath?
electrical insulator
126
What is CN I?
Olfactory
127
What is CN II?
Optic nerve
128
What is CN III?
Occulomotor
129
What is CN IV?
Troclear nerve
130
What is CN V?
Trigeminal nerve
131
WHat is CN VI?
Abducent
132
What is CN VII?
The facial nerve
133
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
134
What is CN IX
glossophargyngeal
135
What is CN X?>
Vagus nerve
136
What is CN XI?
Spinal accesory nerve
137
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal
138
Branches of the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left ubclavian artery
139
Where is the circle of willis?
Inferior aspect of the brain
140
Example of anastomoses?
Circle of Willis
| Marginal artery of Drummond
141
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph?
Left venous angle
