Anatomy Flashcards
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
What does the ANS consist of?
Everything except the brain and spinal cord
What is cartillage?
Less rigid than bone
3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
2 types of fibrous joints
Sutures
Fibrous sheets
Where are sutures found?
Between skull bones
Example of fibrous joint
Interosseous membrane (between radius & ulna)
2 types of cartilaginous joints
Primary
Secondary
Which kind of joints can “slip”?
Cartilaginous
slipped disc, slipped femoral epiphysic
Example of primary cartilaginous joints
`Epiphyseal growth plate (ossifies after gorwth is complete)
Example of secondary cartilagenous joint
iNTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
What are fontanelles?
Wide sutures in the neonatal skull
What is ‘moulding’?
The overlap of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones when a baby is being squeezed through the birth canal
2 layers of intervertebral discs
Anulus Fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
What covers the articulating surfaces in synovial joints?
Hyaline cartillage
What are the 2 layers of the capsule hat wraps around syovial joints?
a superficial strong fibrous layer
a deeper synovial membrane layer to secrete synovial fluid
What is the joint cavity?
The space witin the joint capsule
What supports synovial joints?
Ligament (connect bone to boone)
What are tendons?
Fibrous bands that connect skeletal muscle to bone
What is the purpose of bursae?
Stop friction
What are the 2 types of bursae in synovial joint?
synovial fluid-filled extensions of the joint capsule
Closed sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid near to but separate from the joint cavity
5 types of synovial joint
Pivot Plane Hinge Biaxial Ball & socket
Example of pivot joint
superior park of neck (saking head)
Example of plane joint?
acromioclavicular joint (minimal movement in one plane)
Example of hinge joint?
Elbow
Example of biaxial joint?
In hands & feet (one plane)
Example of ball & socket joint?
Hip joint
Joints ranked most stable to least stable
Fibrous > cartilaginous > synovial
What is subluxation?
Reduc ed area of contact between articular surfaces
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
What does dislocation damage?
Arteries around a bone
What is the special adaptation of the TMJ’s?
Articular disc
Why are pathologies affecting joints so painful?
There is a good sensory nerve supply to the joints
Through what process do long bones of the body develop?
Endochondral ossification
When does bone growth stop?
When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies
Layers of the bones
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
What is the medulla?
Bone marrow (site of red & white blood cell production)
What part of the bone is torn in a fracture that is extremely painful?
Periosteum (sensory nerve fibres)
What are the stages of fracture healing?
Fracture
Callus of new bone surrounds fracture layer
Callus remodelling
healeed
How are tuberosities formed?
An adjacent structure presses against a developing bone
Where is the styloid process?
The wrist
Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
The shoulder
Where is the medial malleolus?
The aankle
Where is the less trochanter?
The top of the femur
Where is the femoral condyle?
The knee
Where is the tibial tuberostiy?
Just below the knee
How many foramen are on the floor of the cranial cavity?
3
What are the bones of the aial skeleton?
The bones of the skull
The bones of the neck
The bones of the trunk
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle
Bones of the upper limbs
Bones of tje pelvic girdle
Bones of the lower limb
What is the bone at the back of the skull?
Occipital
What are the 2 big bones on the tp of the skull at either side?
Left & Right parietal
What are the 2 bones at your temples?
Sphenoid bones
What are the bones just behind the sphenoid bone?
Temporal bone
What is the large bone at the front of your skull?
The frontal bone
What bone is the jaw?
The maindible
Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
The zygomatic bone
What bone lies below the zygoma?
The maxilla
Wht are the 3 fractures of the facial skeleton called?
Le Fort I, II & III
What are the vertebrae of the spine?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal
What are the process of a vertebrae?
Spinous process (top)
Superior & inferior atricular processes
Transverse processes
What is C1 called?
Atlas
What is C2 called?
Axis
Why does C1 not have a body?
Because C2 stole it to form the odontoid process
What is the first readily palpable spinous process?
C7
What are the rue ribs?
Ribs 1-6
What are the false ribs?
7-10
What are the floating fibs?
11 & 12
Which ribs protect the liver?
7-11 (Beyonce)
Which ribs protect the spleen?
9-11 (Terrorist)
What is the pectoral girdle?
The 2 scapulae & 2 clavicles
What is the pelvic girdle?
The 2 hip bones & the sacrum
What bones are in the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
What bones are in the fingers?
Phalanges
What are the bones of the wrist?
S - scaphoid L - lunate T - triquetrium P - pisifprm T - trapezium T - trapezoid C - capitate H - Hamate
What bone is your heel?
Calcaneus
What bone sits on top of the calcaneus?
Talus
What bone sits infront of the talus?
Navicular
What bones sit in front of the navicular?
Cuneiforms
What does skeletal muscle look like histologically?
Striated
What is a muscle nerve supply known as?
Paralysed
What is spacisity?
Muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
the descending from the brain are not working
on examination the muscle would have increased tone
What is muscle atrophy?
Myocytes become smaller de to inactivity
How many muscle compartments does the thigh have?
3
How many muscle compartments do the leg, arm and forearm have individually?
2
What are the gonads?
Reproductive organs
What the male gamete?
spermatozoa
What is the female gamete?
Oocyte
3 layers of the wall of the uterus?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Andometrium
Where does fertilisation of the ovum occur?
The ampulla of the uterine tube
Whre does implantation of the zygote occur?
Body of the uterus
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
The fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity
Where do the testes orginially develop embryologically?
The abdominal cavity
What is the vas deferens?
Tube that connects the testis the the urethra
What temperature does spermatogenesis occur?
1 degree below core body temperature
What is the muscle in the superficial fascia of the scrotum caalled?
The dartos muscle
What is in the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
how do the vas deferens pass through the abdominal wall?
In the left inguinal canal
At what level does the larynx become the trachea and the pharync become the oesophagus?
C6 vertebrae
What supports the wall of the tracha and bronchi?
Hyaline cartillage
What are the parts of the larynx?
The epiglottis
the thyroid cartillage
the 2 arytenoid cartillages
What do the tonsils do?
Produce white blood cells to defend agaionst infectikon
where s the condylar process?
at the TMJ’s
What muscle prevents drooling?
Orbicularis oris
What is the muscle of the cheek called?
Buccinator
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Area of pharynx that lies posterior to the larynx and between the spiglottis & oesophagus
What are the main endocrine glands in the head?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Main endocrine glands in the neck?
Parathyroidglands
The thyroid gland
Main endocrine glands in the abdomen?
2 Adrenal glands & the pancreas
Main endocrine gland in the pelvis (female)?
2 ovaries
Main endocrine glands in the perineum?
2 testes
Where is the hypothalamus?
mid-brain after the pons
Where is the pituitary gland?
Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bones
What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary?
Infundibulum
What does the posteroir pituitary produce?
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)`
What does the anterior pituitary produce?
GH Prolactin TSH ACTH LH FSH
What is the portal system in the brain called?
The hypophyseal portal system
What is the thyroid gland attached to?
The larynx
What does the thyroid gland use to manufactue T3 & T4?
Iodine
What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?
Goitre
What controls the amount of calcium in the blood?
PTH
Does the pituitary gland control PTH?
No.
What does to adrenal cortex secrete?
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androens
What controls release of glucocorticoids?
Pituitary ACTH control
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
What is the myelin sheath?
electrical insulator
What is CN I?
Olfactory
What is CN II?
Optic nerve
What is CN III?
Occulomotor
What is CN IV?
Troclear nerve
What is CN V?
Trigeminal nerve
WHat is CN VI?
Abducent
What is CN VII?
The facial nerve
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
What is CN IX
glossophargyngeal
What is CN X?>
Vagus nerve
What is CN XI?
Spinal accesory nerve
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal
Branches of the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left ubclavian artery
Where is the circle of willis?
Inferior aspect of the brain
Example of anastomoses?
Circle of Willis
Marginal artery of Drummond
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph?
Left venous angle
