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AY Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the ANS consist of?

A

Everything except the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is cartillage?

A

Less rigid than bone

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4
Q

3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial

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5
Q

2 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures

Fibrous sheets

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6
Q

Where are sutures found?

A

Between skull bones

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7
Q

Example of fibrous joint

A

Interosseous membrane (between radius & ulna)

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8
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary

Secondary

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9
Q

Which kind of joints can “slip”?

A

Cartilaginous

slipped disc, slipped femoral epiphysic

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10
Q

Example of primary cartilaginous joints

A

`Epiphyseal growth plate (ossifies after gorwth is complete)

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11
Q

Example of secondary cartilagenous joint

A

iNTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

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12
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Wide sutures in the neonatal skull

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13
Q

What is ‘moulding’?

A

The overlap of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones when a baby is being squeezed through the birth canal

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14
Q

2 layers of intervertebral discs

A

Anulus Fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

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15
Q

What covers the articulating surfaces in synovial joints?

A

Hyaline cartillage

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers of the capsule hat wraps around syovial joints?

A

a superficial strong fibrous layer

a deeper synovial membrane layer to secrete synovial fluid

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17
Q

What is the joint cavity?

A

The space witin the joint capsule

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18
Q

What supports synovial joints?

A

Ligament (connect bone to boone)

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19
Q

What are tendons?

A

Fibrous bands that connect skeletal muscle to bone

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20
Q

What is the purpose of bursae?

A

Stop friction

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of bursae in synovial joint?

A

synovial fluid-filled extensions of the joint capsule

Closed sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid near to but separate from the joint cavity

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22
Q

5 types of synovial joint

A 
Pivot
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial
Ball & socket
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23
Q

Example of pivot joint

A

superior park of neck (saking head)

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24
Q

Example of plane joint?

A

acromioclavicular joint (minimal movement in one plane)

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25
Q

Example of hinge joint?

A

Elbow

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26
Q

Example of biaxial joint?

A

In hands & feet (one plane)

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27
Q

Example of ball & socket joint?

A

Hip joint

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28
Q

Joints ranked most stable to least stable

A

Fibrous > cartilaginous > synovial

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29
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduc ed area of contact between articular surfaces

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30
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

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31
Q

What does dislocation damage?

A

Arteries around a bone

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32
Q

What is the special adaptation of the TMJ’s?

A

Articular disc

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33
Q

Why are pathologies affecting joints so painful?

A

There is a good sensory nerve supply to the joints

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34
Q

Through what process do long bones of the body develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

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35
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies

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36
Q

Layers of the bones

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

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37
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Bone marrow (site of red & white blood cell production)

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38
Q

What part of the bone is torn in a fracture that is extremely painful?

A

Periosteum (sensory nerve fibres)

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39
Q

What are the stages of fracture healing?

A

Fracture
Callus of new bone surrounds fracture layer
Callus remodelling
healeed

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40
Q

How are tuberosities formed?

A

An adjacent structure presses against a developing bone

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41
Q

Where is the styloid process?

A

The wrist

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42
Q

Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

The shoulder

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43
Q

Where is the medial malleolus?

A

The aankle

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44
Q

Where is the less trochanter?

A

The top of the femur

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45
Q

Where is the femoral condyle?

A

The knee

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46
Q

Where is the tibial tuberostiy?

A

Just below the knee

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47
Q

How many foramen are on the floor of the cranial cavity?

A

3

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48
Q

What are the bones of the aial skeleton?

A

The bones of the skull
The bones of the neck
The bones of the trunk

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49
Q

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the pectoral girdle
Bones of the upper limbs
Bones of tje pelvic girdle
Bones of the lower limb

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50
Q

What is the bone at the back of the skull?

A

Occipital

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51
Q

What are the 2 big bones on the tp of the skull at either side?

A

Left & Right parietal

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52
Q

What are the 2 bones at your temples?

A

Sphenoid bones

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53
Q

What are the bones just behind the sphenoid bone?

A

Temporal bone

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54
Q

What is the large bone at the front of your skull?

A

The frontal bone

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55
Q

What bone is the jaw?

A

The maindible

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56
Q

Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?

A

The zygomatic bone

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57
Q

What bone lies below the zygoma?

A

The maxilla

58
Q

Wht are the 3 fractures of the facial skeleton called?

A

Le Fort I, II & III

59
Q

What are the vertebrae of the spine?

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
60
Q

What are the process of a vertebrae?

A

Spinous process (top)
Superior & inferior atricular processes
Transverse processes

61
Q

What is C1 called?

A

Atlas

62
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

63
Q

Why does C1 not have a body?

A

Because C2 stole it to form the odontoid process

64
Q

What is the first readily palpable spinous process?

A

C7

65
Q

What are the rue ribs?

A

Ribs 1-6

66
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

7-10

67
Q

What are the floating fibs?

A

11 & 12

68
Q

Which ribs protect the liver?

A

7-11 (Beyonce)

69
Q

Which ribs protect the spleen?

A

9-11 (Terrorist)

70
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

The 2 scapulae & 2 clavicles

71
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

The 2 hip bones & the sacrum

72
Q

What bones are in the palm of the hand?

A

Metacarpals

73
Q

What bones are in the fingers?

A

Phalanges

74
Q

What are the bones of the wrist?

A 
S - scaphoid
L - lunate
T - triquetrium
P - pisifprm
T - trapezium
T - trapezoid
C - capitate
H - Hamate
75
Q

What bone is your heel?

A

Calcaneus

76
Q

What bone sits on top of the calcaneus?

A

Talus

77
Q

What bone sits infront of the talus?

A

Navicular

78
Q

What bones sit in front of the navicular?

A

Cuneiforms

79
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like histologically?

A

Striated

80
Q

What is a muscle nerve supply known as?

A

Paralysed

81
Q

What is spacisity?

A

Muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
the descending from the brain are not working
on examination the muscle would have increased tone

82
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Myocytes become smaller de to inactivity

83
Q

How many muscle compartments does the thigh have?

A

3

84
Q

How many muscle compartments do the leg, arm and forearm have individually?

A

2

85
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Reproductive organs

86
Q

What the male gamete?

A

spermatozoa

87
Q

What is the female gamete?

A

Oocyte

88
Q

3 layers of the wall of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Andometrium

89
Q

Where does fertilisation of the ovum occur?

A

The ampulla of the uterine tube

90
Q

Whre does implantation of the zygote occur?

A

Body of the uterus

91
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

The fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity

92
Q

Where do the testes orginially develop embryologically?

A

The abdominal cavity

93
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Tube that connects the testis the the urethra

94
Q

What temperature does spermatogenesis occur?

A

1 degree below core body temperature

95
Q

What is the muscle in the superficial fascia of the scrotum caalled?

A

The dartos muscle

96
Q

What is in the spermatic cord?

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus

97
Q

how do the vas deferens pass through the abdominal wall?

A

In the left inguinal canal

98
Q

At what level does the larynx become the trachea and the pharync become the oesophagus?

A

C6 vertebrae

99
Q

What supports the wall of the tracha and bronchi?

A

Hyaline cartillage

100
Q

What are the parts of the larynx?

A

The epiglottis
the thyroid cartillage
the 2 arytenoid cartillages

101
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

Produce white blood cells to defend agaionst infectikon

102
Q

where s the condylar process?

A

at the TMJ’s

103
Q

What muscle prevents drooling?

A

Orbicularis oris

104
Q

What is the muscle of the cheek called?

A

Buccinator

105
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

Area of pharynx that lies posterior to the larynx and between the spiglottis & oesophagus

106
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the head?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

107
Q

Main endocrine glands in the neck?

A

Parathyroidglands

The thyroid gland

108
Q

Main endocrine glands in the abdomen?

A

2 Adrenal glands & the pancreas

109
Q

Main endocrine gland in the pelvis (female)?

A

2 ovaries

110
Q

Main endocrine glands in the perineum?

A

2 testes

111
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

mid-brain after the pons

112
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bones

113
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

114
Q

What does the posteroir pituitary produce?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)`

115
Q

What does the anterior pituitary produce?

A 
GH
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
116
Q

What is the portal system in the brain called?

A

The hypophyseal portal system

117
Q

What is the thyroid gland attached to?

A

The larynx

118
Q

What does the thyroid gland use to manufactue T3 & T4?

A

Iodine

119
Q

What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?

A

Goitre

120
Q

What controls the amount of calcium in the blood?

A

PTH

121
Q

Does the pituitary gland control PTH?

A

No.

122
Q

What does to adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androens

123
Q

What controls release of glucocorticoids?

A

Pituitary ACTH control

124
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

125
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

electrical insulator

126
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory

127
Q

What is CN II?

A

Optic nerve

128
Q

What is CN III?

A

Occulomotor

129
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Troclear nerve

130
Q

What is CN V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

131
Q

WHat is CN VI?

A

Abducent

132
Q

What is CN VII?

A

The facial nerve

133
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

134
Q

What is CN IX

A

glossophargyngeal

135
Q

What is CN X?>

A

Vagus nerve

136
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Spinal accesory nerve

137
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal

138
Q

Branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left ubclavian artery

139
Q

Where is the circle of willis?

A

Inferior aspect of the brain

140
Q

Example of anastomoses?

A

Circle of Willis

Marginal artery of Drummond

141
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph?

A

Left venous angle

AY Principles (11 decks)

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