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AY Principles > Body system physiology > Flashcards

Body system physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is systemic systolic arterial blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts (

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2
Q

What is systemic diastolic arterial blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxed (normally

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3
Q

What is Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP)?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart (70 - 105 mmHg)

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4
Q

Equations to calculate MAP?

A

MAP = (2 x diastolic) + systolic / 3

MAP = DBP + 0,5(SBP - DBP)

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5
Q

Where are baroreceptors?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

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6
Q

Which nerve takes the signal from the carotid receptors?

A

Glossolharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

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7
Q

Which nerve takes the signals from the aortic receptors?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

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8
Q

How does the cardiovascular control centre process the signal?

A

Recipes afferent information
NTS is site of first synapse for all CVS afferent in the medulla
NTS relays info to other areas of the brain
Generates vagal outflow to the heart
Regulates spinal sympathetic neurones

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9
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

The sum of resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

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10
Q

What 3 factors when regulated control BP?

A

Heart rate
Stroke volume
TPR

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11
Q

How is heart rate increased?

A

Noradrenaline acts on B1 receptors

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12
Q

How is heart rate slowed?

A

Acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors

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13
Q

How is stroke volume controlled?

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

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14
Q

What is the frank starling law?

A

The more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction

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15
Q

What is TPR regulated by?

A

Vascular smooth muscle

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16
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

Vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest due to continuous release of noradrenaline

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17
Q

What nerves supply vascular smooth muscle?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres

Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline

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18
Q

What 5 hormones are involved in controlling glucose?

A 
Insulin (pancreas) 
Glucagon (pancreas) 
Adrenaline (adrenal gland) - in emergencies 
Cortisol (adrenal) 
Growth hormone (pituitary)
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19
Q

What cells are in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine (digestive & absorptive enzymes)

Endocrine (clustered into islets of Langerhans)

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20
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas release?

A

Glucagon

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21
Q

What do beta cells in the pancreas release?

A

Insulin

22
Q

What do delta cells in the pancreas release?

A

Somatostatin

23
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Regulates salt levels

24
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Stress hormone

25
Q

What does insulin do?

A 
Favours anabolism 
Stimulates conversion of 
- glucose to glycogen 
- fatty acids to triglycerides 
- amino acids to proteins

Hormone of the fed state

26
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Favours catabolism
Stimulates conversion of
- glycogen to glucose
- triglycerides to fatty acids

Hormone of the hungry state

27
Q

What happens when glucose increase?

A

Insulin increases

Glucagon decreases

28
Q

What happens when glucose decreases?

A

Insulin decreases

Glucagon increases

29
Q

How does insulin promote glucose uptake into muscle and fat?

A

GLUT4 into plasma membrane

30
Q

What causes diabetes mellitus?

A

Lack of insulin or impaired cellular responses to insulin

31
Q

How is diabetes detected?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

32
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A 
Childhood onset 
Little/no insulin secretion 
Defect in B cell function ketones develops (if untreated) 
Insulin injections for treatment 
Symptoms develop rapidly
33
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A 
Adult onset 
Insulin may be normal or exceed normal 
Defect in insulin sensitivity 
Ketones ramen
Diet/exercise + oral drugs for treatment 
Symptoms develop slowly
34
Q

How does glucagon increase glucose?

A

Increasing liver glycogenolysis
Inhibits liver glycogen synthesis
Promotes liver gluconeogenesis
Also promotors lipgloss in liver and adipose tissue

35
Q

What rhythm does cortisol secrete in?

A

Diurnal

36
Q

How does cortisol raise glucose?

A

Stimulates protein catabolism
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Stimulates lipolysis

37
Q

How does growth hormone increase glucose?

A

Mobilises glucose from livers

Promotes lipolysis in fat cells

38
Q

How does the baroreceptor reflex work?

A 
BP change 
Sensed by baroreceptors
Sent to cardiovascular control centre in the medulla of the brain 
Heart rate & stroke volume change 
TPR changes 
BP normal
39
Q

What damaging effects can increased body temperature cause?

A 
Speeds up cellular metabolism 
Protein denaturation 
Nerve malfunction 
Convulsions 
Death
40
Q

What harmful effects can decreased body temperature cause?

A

Slows down cellular reactions

May fatally slow down metabolism

41
Q

Sites from monitoring body temperature

A

Ear drum
Rectal
Oral

42
Q

How is heat gained in the body?

A

Metabolic heat
Radiation
Convection
Conduction

43
Q

How is heat lost from the body?

A

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation

44
Q

What is BMR?

A

The minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital Boyd functions which leads to a basic level of heat production

45
Q

How does the body know there is a change in heat?

A

Thermoreceptors (Central & peripheral)

46
Q

Which part of the brain controls heat?

A

Hypothalamus
Posterior - cold
Anterior - hot

47
Q

What is the effector responses to cold exposure?

A

Vasoconstriction
Increased muscle tone (shivering)
Postural changes
Warm clothing

48
Q

Effector responses to heat exposure?

A 
Vasodilation 
Sweating 
Decreased muscle tone 
Decreased voluntary movement 
Cool clothing
49
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

A substance which produces fever

50
Q

Why do we get a fever?

A

Endogenous pyrogen (e.g. IL from white blood cells) stimulate the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus
Prostaglandins act to reset the thermostat at a higher temperature
The hypothalamus initiates cold response (shivering etc.)
Body temp increases to new set point = fever

AY Principles (11 decks)

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