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Exam2 ECG/Basic Labs/Pharm > immunology 3 > Flashcards

immunology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor Markers

A

proteins released into the serum by tumors that can be used to screen populations for cancer and to monitor for recurrence after treatment

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2
Q

PSA, CEA, Alpha Fetoprotein

A

lack specific and sensitivity for early detection of cancer

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3
Q

PSA

A

prostate specific antigen and prostatic adenocarcinonma

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4
Q

CEA

A

carcinoembryonic antigen and carcinomas of the colon, pancreases, stomach, breast
BS PC

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5
Q

Alpha Fetoprotein

A

hepatocellular carcinoma, teratocarcinomas, embryonal cell carcinomas
-most likely used in the screening of patients for cancer

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6
Q

Tumor antigens

A

CTLs are the major immune defense mechanism against tumors

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7
Q

Tumor specific antigens

A

only on tumor cells (oncogenes and anti-oncogenes)

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8
Q

Tumor Associated antigens

A

on tumor an some normal cells

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9
Q

Benign tumor

A

its microscopic and gross characteristics are relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal

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10
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth

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11
Q

oncology

A

study of tumor

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12
Q

malignant tumor

A

collectively referred to as cancer, the lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites to cause death

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13
Q

Differentiation and Anaplasia

A

benign neoplasms are composed of well-differentiated cells that closely resemble their normal counterparts
-lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is a hallmark of malignancy

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14
Q

Rate of Growth

A
  • benign neoplasms are slow growing
  • correlates inversely with level of differentiation of malignant tumors i.e. poorly differentiate tumors grow more rapidly
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15
Q

Local Invasion

A
  • benign neoplasms remain localized to site of origin

- malignant tumors grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction, and penetration

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16
Q

Metastasis

A
  • secondary implants of a tumor that are discontinuous with the primary tumor and located in remote tissues
  • the more anapestic and the larger the primary neoplasms, the more likely is metastatic spread
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17
Q

Cachexia

A

progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia

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18
Q

What causes cachexia

A

release of cytokines by the tumor or host

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19
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A

systemic symptoms that cannot be explained by tumor spread or by hormones appropriate to the tissue

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20
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome caused by

A

the ectopic production and secretion of bioactive substance such as ACTH, PTHrP, or TGF-alpha

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21
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Cushing syndrom

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22
Q

PTHrP

A

Parathyroid hormone related protein

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23
Q

PTHrP and TGF-alpha

A

hypercalcemia

24
Q

6 Hallmarks of cancer

A

distinctive and complementary capabilities that enable tumor growth and metastatic dissemination

  1. Self-Sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  3. tissue invasion
  4. Limitless replicative potential
  5. Sustained Angiogenesis
  6. Evading Apoptosis
25
Q

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

A

gene mutation allows for growth without stimulation from growth factor

26
Q

Insensitivity to anti-growth signals

A

checkpoints in cell cycle bypassed due to oncogenes

27
Q

Tissue invasion and metastasis

A

mutated proteins allows cells to escape from tissue into bloodstream and replant

28
Q

Limitless replicative potential

A

due to up regulation of the enzyme of telomerase and inability for short tellers to be recognized and destroyed

29
Q

Photo-oncogenes

A
  • normally help cells grow
  • mutated genes can become permanently activate when it is not supposed to be
  • the cell grows out of control which can lead to cancer (now classified as an oncogene)
30
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A
  • AKA anti-oncogenes

- normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or induce apoptosis

31
Q

AIDS defining cancers

A
  • kaposi sarcoma
  • non-hodgkin lymphoma
  • cervical cancer in women
32
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

vascular tumor that was previously that most common neoplasm in AIDS before the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy
-causes aggressive lesions on the skin, mucus membranes, GI tracts

33
Q

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • second most common neoplasm in AIDS

- highly aggressive and is EBV related if the brain is involved

34
Q

Cervical cancer in women

A
  • attributed to the high incidence of HPV in patients with AIDS
  • gynecological exam should be routine evaluation in HIV infected women
35
Q

Non-AIDS defining cancers

A
  • liver cancer
  • anal cancer
  • Hodgkin Lymphoma
36
Q

Sustained angiogenesis

A

stimulates growth of new blood vessels by releasing protein hormones which are then used for oxygen and nutrients to grow

37
Q

Evading apoptosis

A

tumor suppressed genes inhibited

38
Q

accumulation of neoplastic cells is due to:

A

1) activation of growth-promoting oncogenes
2) inactivation of growth-suppressing tumor genes
3) mutations in the genes that regulate apoptosis

39
Q

in a normal cell growth short telomeres are recognized by DNA repair machinery as Double stranded breaks , leading to

A

leading to cell cycle arrest and senescence

40
Q

in 85% to 95% of cancers , this is due to upregulation of the enzyme

A

telomerase

41
Q

5 laboratory diagnosis of cancer

A

1) Morphologic methods including excision, biopsy, fine-needle aspiration, and cytologic smears
2) Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry studies
3) Tumor markers
4) Molecular analyses and diagnosis
5) Molecular profiling of tumors

42
Q

2 clinical aspects of tumors

A

1) cachexia

2) paraneoplastic syndromes

43
Q

cachexia

A

1) progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass
2) weakness
3) anorexia
4) anemia
5) caused by release of cytokines by the tumor or host

44
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

1) systemic symptoms that cannot be explained by tumor spread or by hormones appropriate to the tissue
2) caused by ectopic production and secretion of bioactive substances such as ACTH, PTHrP, or TGF-α

45
Q

In patients with cancer, calorie expenditure remains _____and basal metabolic rate is increased, despite reduced food intake. This is in contrast with the lower metabolic rate that occurs as an adaptive response in starvation.
high or low

A

high

46
Q

In patients with cancer, calorie expenditure remains high, and basal metabolic rate is ________, despite reduced food intake. This is in contrast with the lower metabolic rate that occurs as an adaptive response in starvation.

increased or decreased

A

increased

47
Q

In patients with cancer, calorie expenditure remains high, and basal metabolic rate is increased, despite ____, ______,_____. This is in contrast with the lower metabolic rate that occurs as an adaptive response in starvation.

increased food intake
reduced food intake

A

reduced food intake

48
Q

tumor antigens are recognized by what type of T cells

A

cytotoxic T

and lymphocytes CTLs

49
Q

what is the major immune defense mechanism against tumors

A

CTLs

50
Q

Malignant neoplasms are characterized by a _______ of parenchymal cell differentiation

wide or narrow range

A

wide Range

51
Q

anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

52
Q

4 characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

1) differentiation and anaplasia
2) rate of growth
3) local invasion
4) metastasis

53
Q

what are the different types of tumor markers

A

PSA; CEA; Alpha fetal protein

54
Q

all 3 protein (PSA, CEA, Alpha fetal protein) assays lack ______ and ______ required for early detection of cancers

A

specificity and sensitivity

55
Q

H Pylori cause peptic ulcer disease in 20s and 30s patients, if got it have higher chance to get ___ cancer

A

gastric
MALT lymphomas
first bacterium classified as a carcinogen

56
Q

when tumor suppressor genes don’t work properly, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to ____?

A

cancer

Exam2 ECG/Basic Labs/Pharm (5 decks)

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