Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHGY 209 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between Non-Specific/Innate immunity and Specific/Adaptive Immunity

A

Innate: First-line of defense
Not need to Recognize pathogen, same response for each pathogen

Adaptive: must recognize pathogen
faster response in second exposure to pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are main components of immune system

A

Lymphoid Organs:
primary
secondary

Immune cells: Leukocytes

Secretion of Immune Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Site for stem cells division and immune cells development

Bone Marrow

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Role of Bone Marro in immunology

A

Production of B-cells and immature T-cells

Maturation site of B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is role of Thymus

A

Contains T cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelia cells, macrophages

Maturation site of T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to Thymus as time goes by

A

It shrinks

Leads to weaker immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid Nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does spleen do in immunology

A

Removes microbes and old erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do immune cells travel

A

Blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is role of lymph nodes

A

filter bacteria
site for phagocytosis of microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Release chemicals involved in inflammation (vasodilators, chemotaxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of basophils

A

Release variety of chemicals, histamine, prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of Eosinophils

A

Destroy multicellular parasites
help hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of Monocytes

A

Transform into Macrophages and Dendritic cells to do Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lymphocytes functions

A

Recognition cells in specific immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

B cells functions

A

antibody-mediated immune response, bind to specific antigens to B-cell plasma membrane receptors
Become plasma cells when activated and secrete antibodies
present antigen to helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytotoxic T cells functions

A

Bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target and directly destroy the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Helper T cells functions

A

Secrete Cytokines that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Macrophages Functions

A

Phagocytosis
present antigen to helper T cells
Secrete cytokines : inflammation, activation of helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dendritic Cells functions

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, Professional APC (Antigen presenting cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mast cells functions

A

Release Histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

22
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A

First line of defense: physical barriers

second line of defense: cellular factors
humoral factors

23
Q

What is the first line of defense of innate immunity

A

Skin

Additional physical/mechanical barriers: mucus, hair, cilia

Chemical and microbiological barriers, secretions: sebum, gastric juice, lysozyme

24
Q

What makes the second line of defense of innate immunity

A

Humoral factors:
inflammation, fever
antimicrobial substances
interferons

Cellular factors:
Phagocytic cells
cells with inflammatory mediators
Natural killer cells

25
Q

Stages of inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation: more blood flow to site, membrane is more permeable for defense substances to reach site
  2. Emigration of phagocytes
  3. tissue repair
26
Q

Interferons functions in humoral response

A

Discourage microbial growth or spread of pathogen in surrounding healthy cells

27
Q

Complement plasma proteins (C3b) functions in humoral response

A

Protein receptors that stick to pathogens and make it recognizable to be eaten by phagocytes

28
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) functions/roles

A

Target virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Not antigen-specific

Don’t need to recognize antigen

29
Q

How do NK cells kill cells

A

Release chemicals (granzyme) on cells not expressing MHC-1

Attack and kill cells directly after binding to them

30
Q

Importance of MHC Class 1

A

Proteins are expressed on normal cells, so when NK cells binds to them, it moves on to the next cell without killing the normal cell.

no MHC class 1 = no negative signal, so NK cells is activated and kills cell

31
Q

Where are old RBC phagocytosed

A

in the spleen

32
Q

Main role of Phagocytes

A

non-specifically engulf microbial invaders

33
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Fixed-tissue Macrophages

neutrophils

Monocytes

34
Q

How are microbe destroyed

A

When ingulfed in phagocytes, bacteria is hold in a phagosome by endocytosis

phagosome fuses with lysosome and bacteria is digested

Waste is released either in our out of cell

35
Q

How do phagocytes recognize microbes

A

Detect unique structures essential to microbial physiology (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) PAMPs

36
Q

What are Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

A

Transmembrane receptors essential for microbial recognition via PAMPs

Extracellular domain for pathogen recognition

Intracellular signaling domain

37
Q

What type of response is Inflammation

A

Non-specific response to tissue damage

38
Q

stages of inflammation

A

1 vasodilatation
2 emigration of phagoctyes
3 tissue repair

39
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes

Chemokines and Chemoattractants are the chemicals attracting phagocytes

40
Q

Types of antigen

A

Material that induces an immune response (immunogen)

also, allergen

ligand (binds to receptors)

41
Q

what antigen stands for

A

Antibody Generator

whole cell or part of a cell

can be non-microbial
ex: pollen, egg whites, incompatible blood, transplanted tissues

42
Q

what is an epitope

A

part of antigen recognized by antibody

43
Q

What mediates specific/adaptive immunity

A

Antibodies or cells

44
Q

Humoral-Antibody-mediated immunity

A

Involves B lymphocytes
Requires antigen presenting cell (dendritic cell)
transform into plasma cells
synthesize and secrete antibodies
Memory B cells

45
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involves Cytotoxic T cells
requires recognition of antigen by dendritic cells
Kill infected body cells, cancer cells, foreign cells

46
Q

Role of helper T cells

A

Activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells by sending Cytokines

47
Q

Events required for activation of helper T cells

A
  1. Specific Recognition
    (MHC II + peptide, antigen) - T Cell receptor
  2. Co-reception (at same time)
    CD28 (T cell) - B7 (APC)
  3. Cytokine release from APC
    Stimulates T helper cell
48
Q

Checkpoint inhibition for helper T cells

A

CTLA4 displaces CD28 and breaks bond with B7

CTLD4 binds with B7 to shut off process

49
Q

What is anti-CTLA4

A
50
Q

What is anti-CTLA4

A
51
Q
A

PHGY 209 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions