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PHGY 209 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between Non-Specific/Innate immunity and Specific/Adaptive Immunity

A

Innate: First-line of defense
Not need to Recognize pathogen, same response for each pathogen

Adaptive: must recognize pathogen
faster response in second exposure to pathogen

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2
Q

What are main components of immune system

A

Lymphoid Organs:
primary
secondary

Immune cells: Leukocytes

Secretion of Immune Cells

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3
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Site for stem cells division and immune cells development

Bone Marrow

Thymus

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4
Q

Role of Bone marrow in immunology

A

Production of B-cells and immature T-cells

Maturation site of B-cells

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5
Q

What is role of Thymus

A

Contains T cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells, macrophages

Maturation site of T-cells

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6
Q

What happens to Thymus as time goes by

A

It shrinks

Leads to weaker immune response

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7
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid Nodules

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8
Q

What does spleen do in immunology

A

Removes microbes and old erythrocytes

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9
Q

In what do immune cells travel

A

Blood and lymph

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10
Q

What is role of lymph nodes

A

filter bacteria
site for phagocytosis of microbes

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11
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Release chemicals involved in inflammation (vasodilators, chemotaxins)

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12
Q

Functions of basophils

A

Release variety of chemicals, histamine, prostaglandins

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13
Q

Functions of Eosinophils

A

Destroy multicellular parasites
help hypersensitivity reaction

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14
Q

functions of Monocytes

A

Transform into Macrophages and Dendritic cells to do Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Lymphocytes functions

A

Recognition cells in specific immune responses

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16
Q

B cells functions

A

antibody-mediated immune response, bind to specific antigens to B-cell plasma membrane receptors
Become plasma cells when activated and secrete antibodies
present antigen to helper T cells

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17
Q

Cytotoxic T cells functions

A

Bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target and directly destroy the cell

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18
Q

Helper T cells functions

A

Secrete Cytokines that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages

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19
Q

Macrophages Functions

A

Phagocytosis
present antigen to helper T cells
Secrete cytokines : inflammation, activation of helper T cells

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20
Q

Dendritic Cells functions

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, Professional APC (Antigen presenting cell)

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21
Q

Mast cells functions

A

Release Histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

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22
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A

First line of defense: physical barriers

second line of defense: cellular factors
humoral factors

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23
Q

What is the first line of defense of innate immunity

A

Skin

Additional physical/mechanical barriers: mucus, hair, cilia

Chemical and microbiological barriers, secretions: sebum, gastric juice, lysozyme

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24
Q

What makes the second line of defense of innate immunity

A

Humoral factors:
inflammation, fever
antimicrobial substances
interferons

Cellular factors:
Phagocytic cells
cells with inflammatory mediators
Natural killer cells

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25
Q

Stages of inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation: more blood flow to site, membrane is more permeable for defense substances to reach site
  2. Emigration of phagocytes
  3. tissue repair
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26
Q

Interferons functions in humoral response

A

Discourage microbial growth or spread of pathogen in surrounding healthy cells

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27
Q

Complement plasma proteins (C3b) functions in humoral response

A

Protein receptors that stick to pathogens and make it recognizable to be eaten by phagocytes

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28
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) functions/roles

A

Target virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Not antigen-specific

Don’t need to recognize antigen

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29
Q

How do NK cells kill cells

A

Release chemicals (granzyme) on cells not expressing MHC-1

Attack and kill cells directly after binding to them

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30
Q

Importance of MHC Class 1

A

Proteins are expressed on normal cells, so when NK cells binds to them, it moves on to the next cell without killing the normal cell.

no MHC class 1 = no negative signal, so NK cells is activated and kills cell

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31
Q

Where are old RBC phagocytosed

A

in the spleen

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32
Q

Main role of Phagocytes

A

non-specifically engulf microbial invaders

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33
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Fixed-tissue Macrophages

neutrophils

Monocytes

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34
Q

How are microbe destroyed

A

When ingulfed in phagocytes, bacteria is hold in a phagosome by endocytosis

phagosome fuses with lysosome and bacteria is digested

Waste is released either in our out of cell

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35
Q

How do phagocytes recognize microbes

A

Detect unique structures essential to microbial physiology (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) PAMPs

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36
Q

What are Pattern Recognition Receptors PRR: Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

A

Transmembrane receptors on macrophages essential for microbial recognition via PAMPs

TLR:
Extracellular domain for pathogen recognition

Intracellular signaling domain

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37
Q

What type of response is Inflammation

A

Non-specific response to tissue damage

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38
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes

Chemokines and Chemoattractants are the chemicals attracting phagocytes

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39
Q

What happens to Neutrophils when they kill bacteria

A

Neutrophils die

Spill NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps which slow down bacterial movement

40
Q

what is pus

A

Mixture of dead bacteria and neutrophils

41
Q

Types of antigen

A

Material that induces an immune response (immunogen)

also, allergen

ligand (binds to receptors)

42
Q

what antigen stands for

A

Antibody Generator

whole cell or part of a cell

can be non-microbial
ex: pollen, egg whites, incompatible blood, transplanted tissues

43
Q

what is an epitope

A

part of antigen recognized by antibody

44
Q

How is specific immunity activated

A

Dendritic Cells pick up bacteria and bring it back to lymph nodes to find antibody to counter antigen

45
Q

What mediates specific/adaptive immunity

A

Antibodies or cells

46
Q

Humoral-Antibody-mediated immunity

A

Involves B lymphocytes (maturation in bone marrow)

Requires antigen presenting cell (dendritic cell)

transform into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs

synthesize and secrete antibodies
Memory B cells

47
Q

Cell-mediated adaptive immunity

A

Involves Cytotoxic T cells (maturation in thymus)

requires recognition of antigen by dendritic cells

Kill infected body cells, cancer cells, foreign cells

48
Q

2 types of Major Histocompatibilty Complex (MHC)

A

MHC I: on all nucleated cells

MHC II: expressed on antigen-presenting cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells

MHC molecules are different for every person

49
Q

What is Adaptive immunity

A

Defense against specific microbes which involves memory from previous encounters with antigen

B and T cells recognize specific pathogen

50
Q

3 stages of adaptive immune response

A

Recognition of antigen by lymphocytes

Lymphocyte activation

Attack by activated lymphocytes and their secretions

51
Q

Role of helper T cells

A

Recognize Antigen from MHC II of APC
to
Activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells by sending Cytokines

52
Q

Events required for activation of helper T cells

A
  1. Specific Recognition
    (MHC II + peptide, antigen) - T Cell receptor
  2. Co-reception (at same time)
    CD28 (T cell) - B7 (APC)
  3. Cytokine release from APC
    Stimulates T helper cell
53
Q

Checkpoint inhibition for helper T cells

A

CTLA4 displaces CD28 and breaks bond with B7

CTLD4 binds with B7 to shut off process

54
Q

What is anti-CTLA4

A

Artificial protein that sticks to CTLA4 to prevent it from inhibiting helper T cells

55
Q

What are antibodies

A

Proteins called globulins (Immunoglobulins = Ig)

56
Q

Structure of Antibodies

A

Contain four polypeptide chains
2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains

Within light/heave chains
Variable region
Constant region

57
Q

What is the variable region of an antibody

A

Antigen binding site

FAB region = antigen binding fragment, hypervariable region

Must vary to cover all potential antigens

58
Q

Characteristic of constant region of antibody

A

FC region:
Same in all antibodies of a certain class

59
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG: most numerous, cross placenta

IgA: in MALT, mucosal associated lung tissues, breast milk

IgM: first formed, decavalent = bind to 10 antigens, can be activated into other antibodies

IgD: prenatal

IgE: allergy

60
Q

Antibody-Mediated immunity process

A

B cells are activated in secondary lymphoid organs: spleen, lymph node, lymphoid nodule, in presence of microbe

Cloning begins to produce
Plasma cells secreting specific antibodies
Memory cell for faster response if antigen comes back

61
Q

Active antibody-mediated immunity process

A

Person’s own immune system responds to a pathogen resulting in long last protection from memory cells

Natural: develops from exposure to natural antigen

Artificial: Develops with purposeful exposure to antigen (vaccine)

62
Q

Passive antibody-mediated immunity process

A

Person receives antibodies from other source: temporary protection = no memory cells

Natural: IgG from mother to fetus across placenta, IgA in breast milk (no immune system response)

Artificial: Receive serum containing antibodies from other person/animal

63
Q

Antibody function: neutralizing antigen

A

if antigen is a toxin, combination with antibody can cancel toxic effect

64
Q

Antibody function: Agglutinating Antigen

A

Antibody immobilises bacteria to allow macrophages to consume them

65
Q

antibody function: Precipitating antigen

A

If antigen is soluble, antibody can transform it into precipitation which can then be consumed by immune cells

66
Q

Antibody function: Activating Complement

A

Antibody activates complement protein and allows it to kill microbes

67
Q

Antibody function: Opsonization

A

Antibody is an opsin = allows phagocytes to ingest bacteria more easily by tagging them

68
Q

Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity via Natural Killer Cells

A

Receptors for Fc portion of an antibody is expressed on surface of NK cells

antibody binds with specific target

Binding Activates release of Granzymes and perforin from NK cell

69
Q

What is clonal expansion

A

Activated lymphocytes express receptor for specific antigen which leads to production of memory cells : B cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells

memory cells expand pool of lymphocytes with receptor, so it allows for quicker immune response if antigen comes back

70
Q

Complement Cascade process

A

Antibody binds to complement proteins

Afterwards, binds to antigen and activates Membrane Attack Complex

71
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

Complements that form a channel in the microbe cell wall to make it spill its insides out (kill it)

72
Q

Role of RAG (Recombination Activating Genes)

A

Splice out gene Segments : VDJ to form DNA segments for heavy chain of antibodies

73
Q

Why do we still get sick

A

First exposure to pathogen, antibodies production is not quick enough

74
Q

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase, TdT role

A

Add additional nucleotides at junctions between VDJ genes to give more variety (almost infinite)

75
Q

What is immune tolerance

A

Clonal deletion or clona inactivation of cells that match body antigens to protect own body cells

76
Q

What happens to T cells that recognize self-proteins MHC Class I

A

They are destroyed

77
Q

What happens to T cells that cannot recognize MHC Class II

A

They are destroyed

78
Q

What percentage of T cells are destroyed

A

95%

79
Q

What type of Antigen can Cytotoxic T cells recognize

A

Endogenous Antigen

recognizes MHC I - Antigen complex on plasma membrane

80
Q

What is an Endogenous Antigen

A

An antigen produced by body cells when they detect the presence of viral content inside them

81
Q

How do Cytotoxic T cells operate

A

when virus infects cells, Cytotoxic T cells bind to Viral antigen on MHC Class I proteins

Tc Cells are activated by Cytokines send by Helper T cell that also recognize the antigen of the MHC II protein of a APC

Tc Cells are cloned, some stay as memory cells, the rest go fight the viral agents by sending perforin and granzymes on them

82
Q

Factors altering resistance to infection

A

Malnutrition
Preexisting disease
Stress and state of mind
Sleep deprivation
Minimal exercise and physical activity

83
Q

What is AIDS

A

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome

it infects and kills helper T cells, so immune response to pathogens and cancer is greatly diminished

cannot activate B and Tc cells

84
Q

What is SCID

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

Disease related to absence of B and T cells and sometimes NK cells

85
Q

Harmful immune responses from Tissue/graft rejection

A

Different MHC I proteins of graft cells from Recipient’s MHC II proteins on macrophages causes recipient’s Tc cells with Th cells to attack MHC I proteins judged as foreign

86
Q

How to avoid rejection during organ transplantation

A

Drugs that kill actively dividing lymphocytes ( T cells)

Cyclosporine blocks cytokine production from Helper T cells

However, patients are more susceptible to infections

87
Q

Antigen and antibodies of Blood group A

A

Antigen: A
Antibody: anti-B

88
Q

Antigen and antibodies of blood group B

A

Antigen: B
Antibody: anti-A

89
Q

antigen and antibodies of blood group AB

A

antigen: A and B
antibody: neither Anti-A and Anti-B

90
Q

Antigen and antibodies of blood group O

A

antigen: neither A nor B
antibodies: Both anti-A and anti-B

91
Q

Universal Donor

A

O group when purified of antibodies

92
Q

universal receiver

A

AB

93
Q

What is Rh factor

A

+ or - additional factor

94
Q

Types of allergic reactions

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

delayed hypersensitivity (12-72h after)

95
Q

What is Anaphylaxis

A

Allergic symptoms can cause mast cells (granulocytes with vesicles) accumulation resulting in hypotension, bronchiolar constriction

96
Q

Autoimmune disease definition

A

Inappropriate immune attack triggered by body proteins acting as antigens

PHGY 209 (5 decks)

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