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PHGY 209 > CNS cognitive > Flashcards

CNS cognitive Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

The state of being aware of and able to think about one’s own existence, thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.

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2
Q

What does ‘state of consciousness’ refer to?

A

Level of arousal (awake, asleep, etc.)

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3
Q

How is consciousness measured?

A

By behavior and brain activity.

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4
Q

What constitutes conscious experience?

A

Thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc.

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5
Q

What distinguishes conscious experience from automatic responses?

A

The capacity to experience one’s existence rather than just recording it or responding to stimuli like an automaton.

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6
Q

True or False: A laptop has a mental life similar to humans.

A

False

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Conscious experience refers to _______.

A

[thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas]

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8
Q

What does a ‘mental life’ imply?

A

The ability to have thoughts and experiences.

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9
Q

What does an electroencephalograph (EEG) mainly measure?

A

Activity of neurons located near the scalp in the gray matter of the cortex

EEG is a non-invasive method used to record electrical activity in the brain.

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10
Q

What does the EEG record in terms of electrical activity?

A

Changes in Voltage

The voltage typically ranges from 20 to 100 microvolts.

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11
Q

What is the typical voltage range measured by an EEG?

A

20-100 microvolts

This range indicates the electrical activity of the brain’s neurons.

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12
Q

What level of synchrony is present in normal EEG activity?

A

Low synchrony

Low synchrony is associated with normal brain function.

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13
Q

What does an increase in synchrony in EEG activity indicate?

A

Potential seizure activity

Increased synchrony occurs when too many neurons work at the same time.

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14
Q

What is the relationship between frequency in EEG and levels of responsiveness?

A

Frequency is related to levels of responsiveness

Different frequency bands correspond to different states of brain activity.

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15
Q

What does amplitude in an EEG relate to?

A

Synchronous neural activity

Higher amplitude indicates more synchronous activity among neurons.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Too much synchrony in EEG can lead to _______.

A

seizure

Seizures occur when excessive numbers of neurons fire simultaneously.

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17
Q

What is a spike in the context of EEG?

A

A sudden increase in voltage that indicates abnormal brain activity

Spikes can signify seizure activity or other neurological issues.

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18
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

EEG stands for electroencephalogram.

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19
Q

What mental state does the alpha rhythm reflect?

A

The alpha rhythm reflects a relaxed mental state with eyes closed.

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20
Q

What mental state does the beta rhythm reflect?

A

The beta rhythm reflects an alert mental state.

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21
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and amplitude in EEGs?

A

There is an inverse relationship: as frequency increases, amplitude decreases.

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22
Q

What is the characteristic of slow frequencies in EEGs?

A

Slow frequencies are associated with big amplitude.

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23
Q

What is the characteristic of fast frequencies in EEGs?

A

Fast frequencies are associated with low amplitude.

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24
Q

What does NREM stand for?

A

Non-Rapid Eye Movement

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25
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid Eye Movement

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26
Q

How many times do we cycle through stages of sleep during a typical night?

A

5-6 times

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27
Q

What is the first stage of NREM sleep?

A

Stage 1

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28
Q

What is the second stage of NREM sleep?

A

Stage 2

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29
Q

What are the stages of NREM sleep?

A

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4

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30
Q

What type of sleep is characterized by low amplitude and high frequencies?

A

REM sleep

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31
Q

What is the duration of a typical REM sleep period?

A

30 to 45 minutes

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32
Q

True or False: REM sleep is similar to being awake.

A

True

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: The sleep stage characterized by high amplitude and low frequencies is _______.

A

NREM sleep

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34
Q

What is another name for REM sleep?

A

Paradoxical sleep

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35
Q

What is the primary characteristic of Stage 4 NREM sleep?

A

High amplitude and low frequencies

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36
Q

T or F, dream state is found in REM sleep

A

True

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37
Q

Stages of sleep sequence

A
  1. NREM: stage 1 - stage 4
  2. Stage 4 - stage 1
  3. Stage 1 - REM sleep
  4. REM sleep - NREM sleep
38
Q

What is the full form of REM?

A

Rapid Eye Movement

REM is a stage of sleep characterized by increased brain activity and vivid dreams.

39
Q

What are the stages of sleep that we cycle through?

A

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, REM

Sleep consists of NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM stages.

40
Q

What characterizes the NREM stages of sleep?

A

Stages 1 to 4 without REM

NREM includes lighter sleep stages leading to deeper sleep.

41
Q

What physiological changes occur during REM sleep?

A
  • Increased eye movement
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased respiration rate
  • Inhibition of skeletal muscle
    Low muscle tone

REM sleep is associated with vivid dreams and muscle atonia.

42
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Sudden reduction in respiration

Sleep apnea disrupts sleep and prevents recovery benefits.

43
Q

True or False: During REM sleep, the tongue can relax too much, partially blocking airways.

A

True

This can lead to sleep disruptions and apnea.

44
Q

What is the effect of increased heart rate during REM sleep?

A

It reflects increased brain activity and physiological arousal

This is a normal part of the REM sleep cycle.

45
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

internal process that regulates sleep-wake cycle

repeats around every 24 h

46
Q

what regulates circadian rhythm

A

nuclei in the :
reticular activating system

preoptic area of hypothalamus

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

47
Q

actions of Hypothalamus during waking stage

A

decrease GABA

which increases Histamine

activates thalamus + cortex

48
Q

effects of hypothalamus on REM sleep

A

increases GABA

inhibits histamine release

Thalamus + cortex not activated

49
Q

Effects of antihistamine drugs

A

lowers histamine release

can cause to fall asleep

50
Q

Brainstem : reticular activating system involves which type of neurons

A

aminergic neurons
to wake up

cholinergic neurons
to enter REM sleep

51
Q

When aminergic neurons are active, what happens to neurotransmitters

A

Increase in norepinephrine + serotonin

decrease in acetylcholine

52
Q

When cholinergic neurons are active, what happens to neurotransmitters

A

Decrease of norepinephrine + serotonin

increase of Acetylcholine

53
Q
A
54
Q

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A

A neural pathway involved in the processing of rewards and pleasure

55
Q

What is the role of the reward pathway?

A

It reinforces behaviors by providing feelings of pleasure

56
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with higher cognitive functions and decision making?

A

Prefrontal cortex

57
Q

What is the function of the midbrain in relation to dopamine?

A

It contains neurons that release dopamine, influencing reward and addiction

58
Q

What is the locus ceruleus?

A

A nucleus in the reticular activating system that is involved in arousal and stress responses

59
Q

What is the effect of drugs that mimic dopamine?

A

They activate the mesolimbic pathway and can lead to addiction

60
Q

Fill in the blank: Dopamine is the primary _______.

A

[neurotransmitter]

61
Q

True or False: Amphetamines can replicate the effects of dopamine.

A

True

62
Q

How do drugs affect the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A

By continuously activating it, which can create addiction

63
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

A complex set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory

The limbic system includes various components such as the hippocampus and amygdala.

64
Q

What role do emotions play in the limbic system?

A

They are processed and regulated within the limbic system

Emotions influence behavior and decision-making.

65
Q

What is the function of the olfactory bulb?

A

Processes smell information from the nose

It is part of the limbic system and closely linked to emotional responses.

66
Q

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

A

Involved in the formation and retrieval of memories

The hippocampus plays a crucial role in learning and memory.

67
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Processes emotions, especially fear and pleasure

The amygdala is essential for emotional learning and memory.

68
Q

what is declarative memory

A

conscious experiences that can be put into words (emotions)

69
Q

what is procedural memory

A

memory associated with learning new skills en implementing them in regular behavior

70
Q

what is consolidation

A

process of transforming short term memory into long-term (can happen through sleep)

71
Q

declarative memory, short-term to long-term

A

From hippocampus to cerebral cortex

72
Q

procedural memory, short-term to long-term

A

from multiple brain regions to basal nuclei, cerebellum, premotor cortex

73
Q

Where are usually the regions responsible for language

A

left hemisphere

74
Q

What happens if Broca’s area is damaged

A

Difficulties to articulate
articulation not possible
cannot speak

75
Q

What happens if Wernicke’s area is damaged

A

comprehension difficult or not possible

76
Q

What is Aphasia

A

Language deficit

77
Q

What is sensory neglect

A

ignorance of the contralateral side after parietal damage

78
Q

agonist muscle vs antagonist

A

agonist contracts
antagonist relaxes

79
Q

What type of neurotransmitter do motor neurons use?

A

Only excitatory (ACh)

ACh stands for acetylcholine, which is the neurotransmitter involved in stimulating muscle contraction.

80
Q

What do alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

Skeletal (extrafusal) muscle

Alpha motor neurons are responsible for causing the contraction of skeletal muscles.

81
Q

What do gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

Muscle spindle (intrafusal)

Gamma motor neurons play a role in regulating the sensitivity of muscle spindles.

82
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord (spinal nerves) or brain stem (cranial nerves)

The ventral horn contains the cell bodies of motor neurons that send out signals to muscles.

83
Q

From where do motor neurons receive most of their inputs?

A

Mostly from interneurons

Interneurons facilitate communication between motor neurons and sensory neurons.

84
Q

What type of sensory inputs do muscle spindles provide?

A

Proprioceptive inputs

Proprioception refers to the body’s ability to sense its position and movement.

85
Q

Proprioceptive inputs from muscle spindles travel up which part of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal columns

The dorsal columns carry sensory information regarding proprioception and fine touch to the brain.

86
Q

T or F reflexes can be overridden

A

True

87
Q

What is the characteristic of the withdrawal reflex that involves flexor muscle contraction and extensor muscle relaxation?

A

Ipsilateral

88
Q

In the contralateral component of the withdrawal reflex, what happens to muscles involved? What is this reflex called

A

Flexor muscle relaxation and extensor muscle contraction

This is referred to as the cross extensor reflex.

89
Q

What type of characteristic is the presence of interneurons between sensory input and motor output?

A

Polysynaptic

90
Q

What phenomenon describes the increase in rate and magnitude of the withdrawal response with increased stimulus strength?

A

Irradiation

91
Q

What is the term for the response that is maintained after the termination of a stimulus due to spinal feedback loops?

A

Afterdischarge

PHGY 209 (9 decks)

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