immunology

Question 1

what are some threats faced by an immune system

Answer 1

Invasive microbes, viruses &
parasites
Damaged or abnormal cells
Xenocyte (foreign cell)
attack or fusion
Xenogametes or proteins
irritant particles
Toxins & venoms
Overgrowers

Question 2

what are some physical barriers

Answer 2

carapace shell skin lungs gills intestines

Question 3

how are blood cells categorised in invertebrates

Answer 3

granulated and non granulated

Question 4

what are the first specialised defence cells

Answer 4

coelomocytes haemocytes

Question 5

what is a toll receptor

Answer 5

a simple membrane protein with a highly variable head, found in all animals

Question 6

what purpose does opsonin serve

Answer 6

induces phagocytes to consume the cell

Question 7

what are the three elements of immunity

Answer 7

recognition communication reaction

Question 8

how many antigens can vlrs “see”

Answer 8

10^14

Question 9

what immunoglobulin classes do humans have

Answer 9

igm igg iga igd ige

Question 10

what immunoglobulin classes do fish have

Answer 10

igm igd

Question 11

what immunoglobulin classes do sharks have

Answer 11

ignar