Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR 211 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

A branch of biomedical sciences concersn with immunity or immune system

Study of host defence against infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A complex network of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules that protect the body against infections and other diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What organs and tissues are associated with the immune system?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils
  • Mucous membranes
  • Skin
  • Lymphatic vessels and nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are involved in the immune system?

A
  • Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, and NK-cells)
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
  • Monocytes/macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • Non-adaptive (involves granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages)
  • First line immune response (present at birth)
  • Relying on mechanisms that exist before infections
  • Rapid (within minutes) but non-specific
  • Inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some characteristics of acquired (adaptive) immunity?

A
  • Second line immune response
  • Can take several days to 1 week to allow body to develop its own antibodies
  • T-cells and B-cells involved
  • Developed from immunological memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different types of cells involved in innate immunity?

A
  • NK cells
  • Dendritic cells
  • Mast cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some functions of NK cells?

A

Cytotoxic, kill infected cells and cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some functions of Dendritic cells?

A

Antigen-presenting, important to acquired immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some functions of Mast cells?

A

Rich in histamine and heparin, possess antibacterial and antiparasitic functions

Regulate inflammation (induce fever = increased bacterial death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some functions of Neutrophils?

A

Patrol for microbial infections and one of the first responders to the site of inflammation

Antimicrobial WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some functions of Basophils?

A

Fight parasite infections and mediate allergic reactions (less effective against bacterial infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some functions of Eosinophils?

A

Possess antibacterial and antiparasitic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some functions of Macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis and present antigens along with dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three innate immune response system mechanisms?

A
  1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
  2. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
  3. Detecting missing-self (mainly via NK cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do pattern recognition receptors regulate the innate immune system?

A

They recognize specific pathogen fragments and initiate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) regulate the innate immune system?

A

Endogenous molecules released from damaged and dying cells during infection and inflammation

18
Q

How does non-self detection regulate the innate immune system?

A

Recognizing molecules expressed in healthy cells inhibits immune response against healthy cells

The immune system detects non-self or diseased cells and mounts response

19
Q

Review slide 8 for a summary of adaptive immunity

A
20
Q

What are the two MHC molecules?

A

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are essential for acquired immunity

MHC class I and II

21
Q

What are some characteristics of MHC Class I molecules?

A

Identified in all nucleated cells

Present normal self-antigens and foreign pathogen antigens to cytotoxic T cells

22
Q

What are some characteristics of MHC Class II molecules?

A

Identified in macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

Present foreign pathogen antigens to helper T cells (CD4 cells)

23
Q

Review slide 10 for differences between MHC Class I and II

A
24
Q

What is the main cell type for cell-mediated immunity?

A

Antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells (no antibody involvement)

Directly kill infected cells

25
Q

What is the main cell type for humoral immunity?

A

B-cells (differentiate into memory B cell and plasma cells)

Mediated by secreted antibodies (5 different types)

26
Q

What is the process for T-cell maturation?

A
  1. Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow mature into lymphoid progenitor cells and migrate to thymus
  2. Lymphoid progenitor cells mature and differentiate into functional T-cells (CD4 and CD8 cells)

see slide 13

27
Q

What are the characteristics of CD4 T-cells?

A

They are helper T-cells, secrete cytokines to stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells

28
Q

What are the characteristics of CD8 T-cells?

A

They are cytotoxic T-cells, bind and kill infected cells and cancer cells

29
Q

What is the most common antigen-presenting cell type?

A

Dendritic cells

30
Q

How are T-cells activated?

A

Activated by simultaneous interactions of surface molecules between cytotoxic (CD8) cells and antigen-presenting cell

First activation signal (TCR of CD8 and MHC I of APC)

Second activation signal (CD28 of CD8 and CD80/CD86

31
Q

What are Regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

A

Specialized type of T cells (different from T helper cells)

Maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance (calms down immune system)

Can inadvertently promote cancer develop by inhibiting anticancer immunity

32
Q

What are the ways B cell can be activated?

A
  • Activated when B-cell receptor binds to antigen
  • T-cell dependent activation
  • T-cell independent activation
  • Memory B-cell activation

see slide 18

33
Q

What is the advantage of cell-mediated B cell activation?

A

Increased proliferation

34
Q

What are the different classes of antibodies?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

35
Q

What are some characteristics of IgA?

A
  • Monomeric in serum
  • Dimeric in GI tract (J chain binds the two IgA molecules)
  • Major function (inhibit bacterial growth and neutralize bacterial toxins)
  • Minor function (neutralize viruses, slower response)
36
Q

What are some characteristics of IgD?

A
  • Monomeric
  • Usually co-expressed with IgM
  • Target mucosal antigens (enhance mucosal immunity)
  • Activate B-cells, basophils, and mast cells
37
Q

What are some characteristics of IgE?

A
  • Monomeric
  • Mediate Type I hypersensitivity reactions
  • Immunity against parasitic infections
38
Q

What are some characteristics of IgG?

A
  • Main type of antibody (about 75% of serum antibodies)
  • Produced second, after IgM by humoral immunity response
  • Bind different types of antigens, bacteria, and fungi
39
Q

How is antibody production different in newborns?

A

Three of the four IgG subclasses can cross the placenta, so newborns have the same antibodies as their mothers during the first 6 months of life

40
Q

What are the characteristics of IgM?

A
  • Largest antibody (pentameric)
  • It is the first antibody produced by humoral immune response
  • May also present as hexamers (when J chain is missing)
41
Q

See slide 26 for the IgM-IgG sequential response

A
42
Q
A

PHAR 211 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions