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Biology - Y12 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies? (5)

A
  • Research
  • Diagnosis
  • Killing specific cells
  • Targeting drugs
  • Immuno assays (ELISA)
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2
Q

Ethics of a vaccine? (4)

A
  • Testing on animals/humans
  • Side effects
  • Compulsory?
  • Only available to those who can afford it?
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3
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Antigen from dead pathogen

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4
Q

Differences between passive immunity + active immunity? (5)

A

Passive immunity:
- No exposure to antigen
- Antibody is given (mother, injection) whereas…
- No memory cells produced
- Short term
- Fast acting

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5
Q

Explain how HIV affects production of antibodies when AIDS develop in a person? (3)

A
  • Less antibodies produced
  • Destroys TH cells
  • Few B cells activated so dont undergo mitosis
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6
Q

State 3 roles of a T Helper Cell?

A
  • Specific TH cell binds to the antigen presenting cell
  • Releases cytokines that attract phagocytes to area of infection
  • Activates specific complementary B cell
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7
Q

Describe how HIV is replicated ONCE INSIDE TH cells? (4)

A
  • RNA converted into DNA using reverse transcription
  • DNA inserted into genome
  • DNA transcribed into mRNA
  • This is translated into viral/HIV proteins
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8
Q

Describe how a person infected with HIV will develop AIDS (if untreated) and die of secondary infections? (4)

A
  • High viral load leads to increased destruction of TH cells
  • Less activation of B cells/ TC cells
  • Less production of plasma cells + antibodies
  • Less able to destroy pathogens
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9
Q

When is a person/organism infected by a virus such as HIV?

A

The moment the viral DNA is inserted into the host cells genome

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10
Q

Describe role of antibodies in producing a positive result in an ELISA test? (4)

A
  • Antibody binds to complimentary antigen
  • Antibody with enzyme attached is added
  • Antibody attaches to antigen
  • Substrate added + colour changes
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11
Q

What threatens herd immunity? (3)

A
  • Low vaccine uptake
  • Mutation of pathogen
  • Vaccine doesn’t produce longterm immunity
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12
Q

Describe the structure of HIV?

A
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13
Q

Different antibodies from the same organism bind to different antigens. Explain why? (3)

A
  • Variable region of each polypeptide has a different tertiary structure
  • Which provides a specific antigen binding site with specific shape
  • So only complimentary to specific antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex
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14
Q

Why are some antibodies referred to as monoclonal?

A

Antibodies produced from a single clone of B cells

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15
Q

What is antigenic variability?

A

Gene mutations in pathogens that leads to change in tertiary structure of antigen specific to B cell so no longer complimentary so difficult to develop vaccine against

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16
Q

Describe + explain the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis?

A

Optimisation - Bind to antigen

Agglutination - Antibodies cause clumping or attract phagocytes

17
Q

Antibody Structure?

A
18
Q

Explain how the humoral response leads to immunity? (3)

A
  • B cells specific to antigen reproduce by mitosis
  • B cells produce plasma + memory B cells
  • Second infection produces antibodies in larger quantities + more rapidly
19
Q

When a vaccine is given to a person, it leads to the production of antibodies against a disease-causing organism. Describe how? (6)

A
  • Vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
  • Macrophage presents antigen on its surface
  • TH cell with complimentary receptor protein binds to antigen
  • TH cell releases cytokines to help B cells divide by mitosis
  • B cell differentiates into plasma + memory B cells
  • Plasma cell rapidly secrete large numbers of antibodies
20
Q

Describe how HIV is replicated? (5)

A
  • Attachment proteins attach to receptors on TH cell
  • RNA enters cell
  • RNA in converted by reverse transcriptase to DNA
  • Viral protein/capsid is produced
  • Virus is assembled + released
21
Q

What do attachment proteins of HIV do?

A

Bind to host cells in order to infect them.

22
Q

What do TH release? What does this do? (2)

A

Cytokines - attract phagocytes to area of infection
- activate TC

23
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? (4)

A
  • Specific TH cell receptor binds to complimentary antigen presented on APC + TH becomes activated
  • Cloning of APC by mitosis
  • These cloned cells differentiate into different TH like: Cytotoxic killer T cells (TC), Memory TH cells, TH cells
  • TH cells locate + destroy infected body cells by releasing perforin which creates holes in cell surface membrane to destroy APC
24
Q

What type of cells, other than pathogens, can stimulate an immune response?

A
  • Cancer cells
  • Cells infected by virus
  • Cells from transplants
25
Q

Describe the non-specfic defence mechanism the body may launch against pathogens? (5)

A
  • Pathogen is engulfed by phagocyte
  • Engulfed pathogen enters cytoplasm of phagocyte in a vesicle
  • Lysosomes fuse with vesicle releasing digestive enzymes
  • These enzymes break down pathogen
  • Waste materials are ejected from cell by exocytosis
26
Q

What are antigens?

A

Forein protein that stimulates an immune response that results in the production of a specific antibody

27
Q

Give 2 ways that pathogens cause harm/disease?

A

1) Produce toxins (proteins) wich directly damages tissues

2) Replicate inside + destroys host cells

28
Q

NMO is a disease that leads to damage of nerve cells. A person with NMO produces anti-AQP4 antibodies that attack these nerve cells.

Explain why the anti-AQP4 antibodies only damage these cells? (4)

A
  • Antibody has a specific tertiary structure
  • has binding site/variable region that is only complimentary to ONE antigen
  • Antigen to this antibody is only found on these nerve cells
  • So antibody forms an antigen-antibody complex with these nerve cells

Biology - Y12 (12 decks)

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