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Biology - Y12 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe + explain how cell fractionation + centrifuge can be used to isolate mitochondria? (6)

A
  • Cell homogenisation (blend) to break open cell + release organelle
  • Filter to remove debris
  • Use isotonic, ice cold, buffered solution (explanation of why?)
  • Centrifuge at low speed to separate nuclei + pallet formed is removed
  • Re-spin at higher speed to get mitochondria in pallet
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2
Q

Explain why solution must be:

  • Isotonic
  • Ice cold
  • Buffered
A
  • Prevents osmosis so organelle doesn’t burst
  • Prevents enzyme activity so organelles aren’t digested
  • Maintain constant pH so proteins don’t denature
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2
Q

Explain advantages + limitations of using TEM to investigate cell structure? (6)

A
  • Small objects can be seen
  • TEM has higher resolution
  • Electron wavelength is shorter
  • Cannot look at living cells
  • Must be in vacuum
  • Must be thin section cut
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3
Q

Why is resolution of electron microscope higher than optical?

A

Shorter wavelengths between electrons

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4
Q

Name 2 structures found in all bacteria that are not found in plant cells?

A
  • Circular DNA
  • Murein cell wall
  • 70s ribosome
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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce + release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport + realease of proteins from eukaryotic cells? (5)

A
  • DNA in nucleus is code for proteins
  • Ribosomes produce proteins
  • Mitochondria produces ATP
  • Golgi body packages proteins
  • Vesicles transport + fuses with cell membrane
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6
Q

What are viruses? (2)

A

Acellular + non-living

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7
Q

Difference between prokaryote + eukaryote? (5)

A

Prokaryotes

  • DNA is circular + not associated with histones
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Contains 70s ribosomes
  • Some have capsule, flagella, plasmids
  • Cell wall made from murein
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7
Q

Diagram of bacterial cell? (8)

A

https://pmt.physicsandmathstutor.com/download/Biology/A-level/Notes/AQA/2-Cells/Summary%20Notes.pdf

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8
Q

Diagram of chloroplasts? (6)

Function of parts? (2)

A

https://microbenotes.com/chloroplasts-structure-and-functions/

Thylakoid membrane - Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis + ATP
Starch grains - energy storage molecule

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8
Q

Difference between plant + animal cell? (4)

A
  • Plant cells have cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole
  • Carbohydrates stored as starch whereas animals store as glycogen
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9
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

What type of cell walls for:

  • Plants
  • Fungi
A
  • Cellulose - limits volume of water from entering + stops osmosis so doesn’t burst
  • Chitin
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11
Q

Plant cell? (12)

A

https://www.preproom.org/info-library/default.aspx?t1=3&t2=8&t3=0&t4=0

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12
Q

Function of centrioles?

A

Pulls chromosomes apart during mitosis

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13
Q

Diagram of lysosome? (2)

Function? (2)

A

https://biologydictionary.net/lysosome/

  • Membrane-bound organelle that stores + releases hydrolytic enzymes
  • Hydrolytic enzymes - hydrolyse invading pathogens
14
Q

Diagram of Golgi Body? (2)

Function? (2)

A

Cisterone (flattened sacs)
Vesicles (pinch off)

Sorts, modifies + packages proteins into vesicles

To form lysosomes

15
Q

What is a ribosome made up of? (2)

Function?

A

2 subunits made from: Long strands of rRNA, ribosomal proteins

Site of protein synthesis from amino acids

16
Q

Diagram of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Function? (2)

A

Cisternae only

Recombines glycerol + fatty acids to make triglycerides
Packages triglycerides into vesicles + transports to Golgi Body

17
Q

Diagram of mitochondria? (8)

Function? Example?

A

https://studymind.co.uk/notes/eukaryotic-cells-the-mitochondria/

Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration e.g. muscle cells to contract

17
Q

Diagram of rough endoplasmic reticulum? (2)

Function?

A

Ribosomes + cisternae

Synthesis + transport of proteins throughout the cell

18
Q

Animal cell? (11)

A

https://studymind.co.uk/notes/eukaryotic-cells-comparing-plant-and-animal-cells/

18
Q

Diagram of nucleus? (4)

Function? (2)

A

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/nucleus-structure-and-functions/

  • Stores genetic information for polypeptide production
  • Site of DNA relication
19
Q

What is a eukaryote?

Types of eukaryotes? (4)

A

Membrane bound organelle with a nucleus

  • Plants
  • Algae
  • Animal
  • Fungi
20
Q

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/14-figure-8-shows-part-prokaryotic-cell-figure-8–name-structures-labelled-mathbf-w-mathbf-q107328389

A

W - Cell surface membrane
X - Cell wall (murein)
Y - Capsule
Z - Flagellum

Biology - Y12 (12 decks)

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